Nowadays, the advantages of breastmilk are recognized and exclusive breastfeeding is recommended up to 6 months, to be supplemented with other foods from this age on and continued until at least 2 years of age. Infant nutrition, whether natural or artificial, has always been determined and conditioned by the social value attributed to breastfeeding.
Objectives: To review the history of pacifiers and to compile a multidisciplinary literature review, searching for pros and cons with the purpose of providing health professionals with arguments when parents request guidance. Sources:History and art books, as well as non-medical literature and museums were used in the historical survey. Multidisciplinary data were collected from MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO, and The Cochrane Library. Search criteria were: the keyword "pacifiers" present in articles published in the last 5 years that included abstract and were written in Portuguese, English, or Spanish. Summary of the findings:There is evidence that their precursors have been used since the Neolithic Period to calm down children. Small balls made of fabric containing food were portrayed in paintings. Other balls made of non-perishable material persisted throughout time. Pacifiers have been used to stimulate sucking or to coordinate this reflex, promoting an earlier beginning of the oral feeding of newborns. Some authors suggest that pacifiers reduce the incidence of the sudden death syndrome, but the topic is controversial. Pacifiers prevent the establishment of breastfeeding and lead to weaning. Their use may cause suffocation, poisoning, or allergies and increases the risk of caries, infections, and intestinal parasitic diseases. Harmful effects are related to frequency, duration, and intensity of the habit. It should be discontinued by the age of 3 or 4 in order not to affect speech and dentition. Conclusions:There are more harmful effects than benefits. It is advisable that health professionals inform parents of the pros and cons of pacifiers so that they can make a conscious decision regarding its use.J Pediatr (Rio J). 2009;85(6):480-489: Pacifier, sucking behavior. ResumoObjetivos: Resgatar a história da chupeta e fazer um levantamento multidisciplinar da literatura, buscando prós e contras, com o propósito de oferecer aos profissionais da saúde subsídios para orientarem os pais. Fontes dos dados:O levantamento histórico foi realizado em livros de história, arte, literatura secular, museus, e a busca de dados, em livros e nas bases MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO e Biblioteca Cochrane. Os limites para busca foram: pacifiers, últimos 5 anos, com resumo, texto em português, inglês ou espanhol. Síntese dos dados:Existem evidências de que os precursores da chupeta foram empregados desde o período neolítico para acalmar as crianças. Bolinhas de pano que continham alimentos ficaram imortalizadas em telas. Outras, feitas de materiais não perecíveis, resistiram ao tempo. A chupeta tem sido utilizada para estimular a sucção ou para coordenar esse reflexo, antecipando o início da alimentação oral de recém-nascidos. Alguns sugerem que diminui a incidência de morte súbita, mas o assunto é controverso. Ela impede o estabelecimento da mamada e induz ao desmame. Pode provocar asfixia, intoxicações ou alergias e aumenta o risco de cáries, infecções e parasitoses intestinais. Efeitos deletérios se associam à frequência, duração...
Although the students from private schools belonged to a higher socioeconomic status, there is currently no longer a large gap between them and girls from public schools regarding nutritional and socioeconomic factors that may influence the age at menarche.
Rev. Nutr., Campinas, 22 (4) R E S U M O ObjetivoComparar os componentes da composição corporal, obtidos pela bioimpedância elétrica perna-perna e pela espessura das dobras cutâneas, em crianças. MétodosA composição corporal de 1.286 escolares (703 meninas e 538 meninos) entre 7 e 9 anos foi avaliada pelas dobras triciptal e subescapular e pela bioimpedância elétrica perna-perna (TANITA TBF-300ª). Para analisar a concordância entre o percentual de gordura corporal, a massa gorda e a massa magra obtidos pelos métodos, foram utilizados o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson (r) e o modelo de Bland-Altman. ResultadosA correlação (r) foi alta e significante, respectivamente nas meninas e nos meninos, para o percentual de gordura corporal (0,77 e 0,89), para a massa gorda (0,93 e 0,94) e para a massa magra (0,92 e 0,89). O modelo de Bland-Altman também mostrou haver boa concordância entre os métodos, uma vez que poucos pontos, correspondentes às diferenças entre as medidas feitas pelos métodos, estavam fora do intervalo de confiança. ConclusãoEstes resultados demonstram que a técnica de bioimpedância elétrica perna-perna é comparável à técnica das dobras cutâneas para avaliar a composição corporal de escolares em estudos populacionais. Individualmente, a ampla variabilidade observada em algumas medidas sugere que a utilização da bioimpedância elétrica perna-perna ou das dobras cutâneas deve ser associada a outros indicadores na avaliação da composição corporal. Termos de indexação:Composição corporal. Crianças. Impedância elétrica.
Objectives: To review the history of pacifiers and to compile a multidisciplinary literature review, searching for pros and cons with the purpose of providing health professionals with arguments when parents request guidance.Sources: History and art books, as well as non-medical literature and museums were used in the historical survey. Multidisciplinary data were collected from MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO, and The Cochrane Library. Search criteria were: the keyword "pacifiers" present in articles published in the last 5 years that included abstract and were written in Portuguese, English, or Spanish. Summary of the findings:There is evidence that their precursors have been used since the Neolithic Period to calm down children. Small balls made of fabric containing food were portrayed in paintings. Other balls made of non-perishable material persisted throughout time. Pacifiers have been used to stimulate sucking or to coordinate this reflex, promoting an earlier beginning of the oral feeding of newborns. Some authors suggest that pacifiers reduce the incidence of the sudden death syndrome, but the topic is controversial. Pacifiers prevent the establishment of breastfeeding and lead to weaning. Their use may cause suffocation, poisoning, or allergies and increase the risk of caries, infections, and intestinal parasitic diseases. Harmful effects are related to frequency, duration, and intensity of the habit. It should be discontinued by the age of 3 or 4, in order not to affect speech and dentition. Conclusions:There are more harmful effects than benefits. It is advisable that health professionals inform parents of the pros and cons of pacifiers so that they can make a conscious decision regarding its use.J Pediatr (Rio J). 2009;85(6):480-489: Pacifier, sucking behavior.
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