Anthracnose is considered one of the most important diseases of grape crops. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro effect on potato dextrose agar (PDA) of four fungicides: benomyl (Benlate® 50 WP), carbendazim (Belico ® 500 SC), chlorothalonil (Odeon® 720 SC), and dodine (Syllit ® 400 SC) using three concentrations on a Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolate. This species complex causes anthracnose on the Red Globe grape variety. The concentrations of each fungicide were: benomyl at 0.5, 0.25, and 1 g.L-1; carbendazim at 0.6, 0.3, and 1.2 mL.L-1; chlorothalonil at 2.4, 1.2, and 4.8 mL.L-1, and dodine at 1.6, 0.8, and 3.2 mL.L-1. Evaluated the inhibition of mycelial growth and the sporulation of the fungus. The fungus mycelium exposed to the commercial dose of the fungicides was observed using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). We used a completely randomized design with 13 treatments and five repetitions. Our results showed a degree of differential efficacy for the four fungicides and their effects were directly proportional to the dose used, benomyl and chlorothalonil being the most efficient in controlling the mycelial growth of the fungus. At the commercial dose, sporulation was inhibited at a higher rate by benomyl showing no statistically significant differences with the other products except chlorothalonil and dodine when the recommended dose was reduced by half. The damage observed by ESEM on the fungus mycelium ratified the effect obtained in vitro, i.e., deformed hyphae and irregular growth. The results of this study, complemented by electron microscopy, are promising for the appropriate selection of the best fungicides for controlling anthracnose on grape fruits, subject to the timely and correct diagnosis of the disease.
The interaction between plants and pathogens is a very dynamic and complex relationship that also includes a high degree of specificity, and it is precisely this last characteristic which triggers such important responses in the survival of one or the other. The pathosystem formed by tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) has been the subject of multiple studies due to the importance of the vegetable worldwide and for the economic and ecological impact of the fungus responsible for the vascular wilt disease in tomato, causing losses that go up to 100%. One way to find alternatives for the management of any pathosystem is to know the actors involved and the mechanisms that govern the interaction through technological and scientific advances that clearly show how the interaction develops on a genetic level. This review collects the information from different scientific sources with focus on the knowledge of the fungus, tomato cultivation and plant defense applied to this pathosystem, as well as the molecular mechanisms.
El marchitamiento vascular del cultivo de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum) causado por Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol), cuyo hábitat es el suelo, es una enfermedad devastadora que puede causar pérdidas hasta del 100 % de la producción de frutos. Entre las alternativas de manejo de la enfermedad está el injerto. En nuestro estudio la reacción a la enfermedad se determinó mediante la medición del porcentaje de la incidencia y el rendimiento de los microinjertos con el empleo de tres patrones del tipo Cherry, el IAC412, el IAC426 y el IAC391, y copas de las variedades comerciales Calima y Carguero inoculadas con un aislamiento de F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, raza 2. Los resultados indicaron que las combinaciones de los heteroinjertos IAC391/CAR e IAC412/CAR inoculados con el hongo fueron las más promisorias en términos de peso promedio del fruto, con 59 y 79 g, y un rendimiento de 14,9 y 21,3 t.ha-1, respectivamente. El peso promedio del fruto de la variedad comercial Carguero fue de 102 g y un rendimiento de 13,9 t.ha-1, lo que indica que, por efecto del microinjerto y la presencia del hongo, el peso promedio del fruto en los heteroinjertos se redujo, pero el rendimiento se incrementó, lo cual permite concluir que el microinjerto es una alternativa para la selección de patrones tolerantes a F.oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici que, al serinjertados con materiales comerciales, incrementan el re ndimiento del tomate.
Artículo de Revisión Manejo integrado del mal de Panamá [Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend.: Fr. sp. cubense (E.F. SM.) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen]: una revisión Integrated management of Panama disease [Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend.: Fr. f. sp. cubense (E.F. SM.) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen]: a review
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