IntroductionThe incidence of radial nerve injury after humeral shaft fractures is on average 11.8% (Shao et al., J Bone Jt Surg Br 87(12):1647–1652, 2005) representing the most common peripheral nerve injury associated with long bone fractures (Korompilias et al., Injury, 2013). The purpose of this study was to analyze our current policy and long-term outcome, regarding surgically treated humeral shaft fractures in combination with radial nerve palsy.Materials and methodsWe retrospectively analyzed the data of patients with surgically treated humeral shaft fractures from 01/01/2003 to 28/02/2013. The analysis included fracture type, soft tissue injury regarding closed and open fractures, type of fixation, management, and outcome of radial nerve palsy.ResultsA total of 151 humeral shaft fractures were fixed in our hospital. In 20 (13%) cases, primary radial palsy was observed. Primary nerve exploration was performed in nine cases. Out of the 13 patients with follow-up, 10 showed a complete, 2 a partial, and 1 a minimal nerve recovery. Two of them underwent a revision procedure. Secondary radial nerve palsy occurred in 9 (6%) patients postoperatively. In five patients, the radial nerve was not exposed during the initial surgery and, therefore, underwent revision with nerve exploration. In all 5, a potential cause for the palsy was found and corrected as far as possible with full recovery in 3 and minimal recovery in one patient. In four patients with exposure of the nerve during the initial surgery, no revision was performed. All of these 4 showed a full recovery.ConclusionOur study showed an overall rate of 19% radial nerve palsy in surgically treated humeral shaft fractures. Most of the primary palsies (13%) recovered spontaneously, and therefore, nerve exploration was only exceptionally needed. The incidence of secondary palsy after surgery (6%) was high and mainly seen after plate fixation. In these cases, we recommend early nerve exploration, to detect and treat potential curable neural lesions.

Study design A retrospective chart audit.Objectives To characterize SCI patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and evaluate the diagnostic rationale for surgical decision-making. Setting Swiss Paraplegic Centre, Nottwil, Switzerland. Methods Retrospective investigation of medical history, diagnostics, surgeries, and outcomes of surgical treatments of CTS in patients with para-and tetraplegia. Results We identified a total of 77 surgeries for CTS in 55 patients: 16 females (25 surgeries) and 39 males (52 surgeries) with spinal cord injury. The majority (47 persons, 68 surgeries) were paraplegic (level of lesion Th2 and below); 8 persons (9 surgeries) were tetraplegic (level of lesion Th1 and above). ASIA scores in the tetraplegic group were A: 0, B: 1, C: 4, D: 3 while complete lesions predominated in the paraplegic group (A: 32, B: 4, C: 5, D: 6). Sixty-six out of 77 patients reported total relief of symptoms. Neither nerve conduction velocity nor motor amplitude correlated well with the severity of CTS. Co-morbidity and specific risk factors were rare. Conclusions SCI patients with CTS respond well to surgical decompression of median nerve regardless of level and type of spinal cord lesion and risk factors. Nerve conduction parameters and clinical findings can provide additional diagnostic support of CTS although nocturnal hand paresthesia, wrist pain at and after loading as well as failed conservative treatment are the main indications for surgical interventions. Based on symptomatology, clinical findings, and nerve conduction studies, we propose a decision-making tree for suggesting surgery or not.

Nerve transfer surgery has expanded reconstructive options for restoring upper extremity function following spinal cord injury. By adding new motor donors to the pool already available through tendon transfers, the effectiveness of treatment should improve. Planning which procedures and in which order to perform, along with their details must be delineated. To meet these demands, refined diagnostics are needed, along with awareness of the remaining challenges to restore intrinsic muscle function and to address spasticity and its consequences. This article summaries recent advances in surgical reanimation of upper extremity motor control, together with an overview of the development of neuro-prosthetic and neuromodulation techniques to modify recovery or substitute for functional losses after spinal cord injuries.

We report on the case of a young patient with bipartite carpal scaphoid with osteonecrosis of the proximal pole. The important differentiation of this entity to the pseudarthrosis of the scaphoid is discussed.

Upper limb spasticity and spasticity-induced deformities after upper motor neuron lesions because of traumatic brain injury, encephalitis or cerebral palsy inhibit activities of daily living, result in impaired self-care and often dependence on assistance of carers. A key element of the dysfunction is wrist hyper-flexion and ulnar deviation deformity. Traditionally, this deformity has been corrected by transfer of the spastic flexor carpi ulnaris to the extensor carpi radialis brevis. Instead, this study emphasizes the causative role of the palmar subluxation of extensor carpi ulnaris and describes a surgical correction strategy detailing transfer of extensor carpi ulnaris-to-extensor carpi radialis brevis. This surgery re-establishes and maintains a more favorable muscle-tendon-joint mechanics and hand position. Patient satisfaction is high, time and effort in daily care for patients and caregivers are less, and incidence of complications is low.