Quality of life in parents of children suffering from haemophilia may be diminished by the illness burden experienced in daily life and by non-adaptive ways of coping. The aim of this study was to examine the relation between parents' quality of life, their perceived psychosocial strains and ways of coping, and to compare parents' outcome to other paediatric illness groups (juvenile idiopathic arthritis, type 1 diabetes). In a cross-sectional study, parents completed a questionnaire concerning quality of life, psychosocial strains, coping strategies and needs as well as sociodemographic and illness parameters. Study participants were recruited in an ambulant haemophilia centre. A total of 55 parents (32 mothers, 23 fathers; age = 39.6; SD = 8.6) of children suffering from haemophilia (age = 11.0; SD = 6.4) took part in the study. Comparison groups were parents of children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (n = 161) and parents of children with type 1 diabetes (n = 69). Compared to parents from other paediatric illness groups, the parents of children with haemophilia experience less impact on their quality of life and lower psychosocial strains. Quality of life was predicted by the coping strategy 'improving marital relationship' (beta = 0.48) and by emotional strains and worries concerning future (beta = -0.43; explained variance 49%). Parents reported a pronounced need for further information on the comprehensive management of haemophilia. In the psychosocial care of families with a child suffering from -haemophilia, reducing psychosocial strains and strengthening adaptive coping strategies may be a preventive intervention for improving parents' quality of life.

Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in parents of children suffering from renal disease is often diminished by the illness burden experienced in daily life and by unfavorable ways of coping. Our aim was to examine the relationship between psychosocial strains perceived by parents, their ways of coping, and HRQOL. In an anonymous cross-sectional study, parents completed a questionnaire concerning psychosocial strains, coping strategies, and HRQOL, as well as sociodemographic and illness parameters. Study participants were recruited in two outpatient dialysis centers. Participating in the study were 195 parents (105 mothers, 90 fathers; age 43 +/- 8 years; representing 108 families) of children suffering from renal disease (age 12 +/- 5 years). Parents of children with chronic renal failure reported moderate HRQOL with parents of children undergoing dialysis experiencing more limitations in quality of life than parents of children living with a kidney graft and parents of children undergoing conservative treatment. Mothers experienced lower HRQOL and higher psychosocial strains than fathers. HRQOL was predicted by the coping strategies "focusing on child" (beta = -0.25), "improving marital relationship" (beta = 0.24), "seeking social support" (beta = -0.22) and "self-acceptation and growth" (beta =0 .19) as well as parents' perceived limitation by illness in daily life (beta = -0.15; explained variance 57%). In the comprehensive care for families with a child suffering from a renal disease, screening for psychosocial strains and ways of coping, along with applying interventions to strengthen adaptive coping strategies, may be a preventative means of improving parents' quality of life.

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Zusammenfassung. Bis zum Vorschulalter erwerben Kinder eine Reihe von Fertigkeiten, die es ihnen ermöglichen, angemessen mit ihren Emotionen umzugehen und sich in sozialen Interaktionen emotional kompetent zu verhalten. In diesem Beitrag wird auf Entwicklungsprozesse im Säuglings-, Kleinkind- und Vorschulalter eingegangen. Dazu gehören die Entwicklung der Basisemotionen sowie selbstbezogener und sozialer Emotionen, die Entwicklung des sprachlichen Emotionsausdrucks, das zunehmende Emotionswissen und -verständnis sowie die Entwicklung von Emotionsregulationsstrategien. Außerdem wird der Einfluß von Temperamentsfaktoren des Kindes und der emotionalen Sozialisation durch die Eltern auf die emotionale Entwicklung im Kindesalter diskutiert.