Characterization of the genetic diversity of the fish Brycon henni (Characiformes: Characidae) in central Colombia with RAPD markers. Knowledge on the genetic diversity of wild fish species is essential for conservation and appropriate management of individuals in repopulation programs. In Colombia, Brycon henni has been reported in the Magdalena and Cauca river basins, but the population and range have diminished as a consequence of anthropic activities. In this study, the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was used to estimate the actual genetic structure in this species. For the purpose, six sample sites located in the department of Antioquia (Central Chain Mountains of Colombia) were used. Thirty five primers (87.5 %), out of forty used, yielded 1 466 reliable and consistent fragments; 417 were considered as unique fragments able to discriminate among the Magdalena (Humarada-1 and Humarada-2) and Cauca (Piedras, La Clara y Guaracú) river basins samples, suggesting that each is a discrete unit. This diversity suggests that anthropic effects of over fishing, dam building, deforestation and water pollution, have contributed to the isolation of these fish groups on the high mountains. Brycon moorei and Colossoma macropomum, as an interspecific control groups, were placed out of the B. henni general group, confirming their taxonomic classification through morphologic data. The RAPD technique was useful to know the genetic diversity and to discriminate among B. henni populations from different geographic origins, as a basis for an appropriate plan of repopulation, conservation and wildlife management.

Objective: HIV-1 infects several immune cells including dendritic cells (DCs) and monocytes, which contributes in both to dissemination of HIV-1 infection and induction of antiviral immunity. These cells produce high amounts of type I IFN and proinflammatory cytokines upon Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation. During HIV-1 infection, an altered production of proinflammatory cytokines has been reported. However, the mechanisms underlying cytokine modulation have not been well described. Here, we evaluated the production of proinflammatory cytokines and activation of myeloid and plasmacytoid DCs and monocytes costimulated in vitro with TLR agonists and HIV-1. Methods: Changes in cytokine expression by real-time PCR and activation of DCs and monocytes by flow cytometry were evaluated after costimulation with HIV-1 and TLR agonists. Results: We observed an upregulation of TNF-α expression after TLR4 stimulation, but a downregulation of IL-6 when TLR2/TLR9 were stimulated. Interestingly, the expression of CD80 and CD86 costimulatory molecules in monocytes and DCs were significantly increased in cells challenged with HIV-1 and TLR2/TLR4/TLR9 agonists. Conclusion: This regulation of TNF-α and IL-6 production and changes in the expression of costimulatory molecules can be critical in the context of HIV-1 infection, by favoring the antigen-presenting cell activation through the stimulation of TLRs.

La inflamación es una respuesta inmune frente a los agentes infecciosos y las señales moleculares de peligro, de estrés celular o que son producto del daño tisular. Muchos receptores de la inmunidad innata participan en la respuesta inflamatoria e inducen la activacióntranscripcional para la producción de una gran cantidad de citocinas, quimiocinas y otros mediadores inflamatorios. Sin embargo, las citocinas de la familia IL-1β son excepcionales, porque no solo requieren la activación transcripcional, sino también un procesamiento proteolítico para generar las citocinas con actividad biológica. Este paso es la activación proteolítica mediada por la caspasa-1, que a su vez es controlada por varios complejos multimoleculares citosólicos denominados inflamasomas. El inflamasoma NLRP3 puede ser activado por material agregado o cristalino (partículas) y por varios microorganismos o toxinas derivadas de estos; sin embargo, aún no se entienden completamente sus mecanismos de activación. La importancia de este complejo de señalización innata se manifiesta por la, existencia de varios mecanismos que regulan la activación de NLRP3 a diferentes niveles. En este artículo se revisan dichos mecanismos.