The oxidation of CaS to a CaSO 4 oxygen carrier suffers SO 2 release. To capture SO 2 released, an amount of CaO particles was mixed with CaS particles. Isothermal kinetics of the CaS−CaO oxidation reaction has been conducted in a thermogravimetric reactor combined with a Frourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyzer. The effects of the reaction temperature, O 2 concentration, and molar ratio of CaO/CaS on CaSO 4 generation and SO 2 emission were investigated. The chemical compositions, morphology structures, and element distributions on the surfaces of solid residuals were characterized by FTIR and scanning electron microscopy−energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy instruments. The results show that the oxidation products of CaS species are mainly composed of CaSO 4 . A small amount of SO 2 is released from CaS oxidation, causing losses of the oxygen carrying capacity of a CaSO 4 -based oxygen carrier. Using a CaO additive in the CaS oxidation process reduces SO 2 liberation, improves the CaSO 4 selective yield, but results in an increase in remaining CaS species in solid residues. There is a general positive correlation between the remaining percentage of CaS species and the SO 2 selective yield. The SO 2 liberation varies with the reaction temperature, O 2 concentration, and CaO/CaS molar ratio. At 900 °C, a CaO/CaS molar ratio of 1, and 5% O 2 , SO 2 released from CaS oxidation is completely trapped by the CaO additive.

CaSO4 is an interesting alternative oxygen carrier for chemical looping combustion (CLC). Utilization of a CaSO4 oxygen carrier suffers deactivation caused by sulfur loss. To prevent sulfur loss, a small amount of CaO particles were mixed with the CaSO4 oxygen carrier. The predominant regions of CaSO4, CaS, and CaO have been obtained with consideration of SO2 and COS emissions. The predominant region of CaO is increasing with the temperature and CO2 partial pressures. Isothermal as well as nonisothermal kinetics of CaSO4-based oxygen carrier reduction, and reduction/oxidation cycle tests, have been carried out. The effects of reaction temperature, CO concentration, and molar ratio of CaO to CaSO4 and cycle number on sulfur emission and CO2 generation efficiency are taken into account. XRD, XRF, and gas analyses were performed to investigate the variations of solid phase change, elements composition in solid residual, and sulfur release with reaction time. The results show that the use of fresh CaO additive not only enhances CO2 yield but also captures SO2 and COS, which are identified by XRD and XRF analysis. During cycle tests, the use of CaO additive also improves CO2 yield. CO2 yields drop a little after the first cycle, but they can maintain at high levels subsequently in cases with the use of CaO additive. SO2 released from the fuel reactor (SO2-FR) is dominant over COS released from the fuel reactor (COS-FR) and SO2 released from the air reactor (SO2-AR). With the use of CaO additive, the releases of COS-FR and SO2-AR decrease, but SO2-FR emission increases a little. The comprehensive roles of CaO additive on CO2 generation and gas sulfide releases are evaluated by the environmental factor. The CLC with the CaSO4-CaO oxygen carrier with CO, ensuring a low environmental impact during the early 1–6 cycles, could achieve a high CO2 generating efficiency. In subsequent cycles, there was no obvious drop in the E-factor of SO2.

No abstract

Blood‐based tumor liquid biopsies are promising as an alternative or complement to tissue biopsies due to their noninvasiveness, convenience, and safety, and there is still a great demand for the discovery of new biomarkers for these biopsies. Here, nanoscale distribution patterns of subcellular structures in platelets, as imaged by structured illumination superresolution fluorescence microscopy, as a new type of potential biomarker for tumor liquid biopsies are presented. A standardized protocol for platelet sample preparation and developed an automated high‐throughput image analysis workflow is established. The diagnostic capability based on the statistical analysis of 280 000 superresolution images of individual platelets from a variety of tumor patients, benign mass patients, and healthy volunteers (n = 206) is explored. These results suggest that the nanoscale distribution patterns of α‐granules in platelets have the potential to be biomarkers for several cancers, including glioma and cervical, endometrial, and ovarian cancers, facilitating not only diagnosis but also therapeutic monitoring. This study provides a promising novel type of platelet parameter for tumor liquid biopsies at the subcellular level rather than the existing cellular or molecular level and opens up a new avenue for clinical applications of superresolution imaging techniques.

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) can be used to improve the performance of propagating surface plasmon resonance (PSPR) refractive index sensors. The resonant coupling sensor between PSPR and localized surface plasmon resonance...