Constructing sodium-ion battery anodes with efficient ion/electron transport and high cycling stability is significantly promising for applications but still remains challenging. Here, "three-in-one" multi-level design is performed to develop a carbon-coated phosphorous-doped MoS 2 anchored on carbon nanotube paper (P-MoS 2 @C/CNTP). The Na + diffusion and electron transport, as well as the structural stability of the whole anode are simultaneously enhanced through the synergistically optimization of P-MoS 2 @C/CNTP at atomic, nanoscopic, and macroscopic levels. Resulted from the multi-level modification, the synergetic mechanism has been demonstrated by electrochemical measurement and theoretical calculation. As a result, the freestanding P-MoS 2 @C/CNTP anode presents a high rate performance (150 mA h g −1 at 5 A g −1 ) and a long cycling life (1 A g −1 , 1200 cycles, 249 mA h g −1 ). This work provides a new approach to the design and fabrication of high-performance conversion-type electrode materials for rechargeable batteries application.

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The advent of wearable electronics has strongly stimulated advanced research into the exploration of flexible zincÀ air batteries (ZABs) with high theoretical energy density, high inherent safety, and low cost. However, the half-open battery structure and the high concentration of alkaline aqueous environment pose great challenges on the electrolyte retention capability and the zinc anode stability. Herein, a starchbased superabsorbent hydrogel polymer electrolyte (SSHPE) with high ionic conductivity, electrolyte absorption and retention capabilities, strong alkaline resistance and high zinc anode stability has been designed and applied in ZABs. Experimental and calculational analyses probe into the root of the superiority of SSHPEs, confirming the significance of the carboxyl functional groups along their polymer chains. These features endow the as-fabricated ZAB a long cycle life of 300 h, much longer than that with commonly used poly(vinyl alcohol)-based electrolyte.