Background:: Urine is considered one of the biological fluids in which antimicrobial peptides are secreted or expressed. Cow urine has not been investigated for the presence of these peptides using MALDI-TOF-MS. Objective:: The aim of this study is to isolate, identify and assess the antimicrobial activity of urinary antimicrobial peptides from healthy normal cycling cows. Method:: We analyzed the urine sample using diafiltration, ion exchange chromatography, Reverse Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC), acid urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (AU-PAGE) coupled with identification through Peptide Mass Fingerprinting (PMF) by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDITOF- MS). The in vitro antimicrobial effects of purified fractions were assessed using Radial Diffusion Assay (RDA) and microtitre broth dilution assay against Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria. Results: : Proteins corresponding to the peaks were identified using SWISSPROT protein database. This study revealed constitutive expression of β-Defensin-1 (DEFB1), β-Defensin-4A (DFB4A), Neutrophil Defensin-1 (DEF1), Neutrophil Defensin-3 (DEF3) in cow urine. The identified peptides are cationic antimicrobial peptides of the defensin family. The purified fractions exhibited antimicrobial effects in radial diffusion assay and MIC values in the range of 2.93-29.3 &*#181;M/L. Conclusion:: This study concludes that cow urine, previously unexplored with regard to antimicrobial peptides, would be a promising source of highly potent AMPs and an effective alternative to the resistant antibiotics.

Cow urine is considered to possess immense therapeutic properties. The aim of the study was to evaluate the biochemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of cow urine. We have used paper chromatography, DPPH antioxidant assay as well as disc diffusion assay to establish the presence of amino acids in the urine and also to portray its antimicrobial and antioxidant potential. We have been able to identify arginine, glutamine and serine in the cow urine. Cow urine proved to be an effective antibacterial agent as depicted by the zone of inhibition in disc diffusion assay. DPPH assay confirms cow urine as a potent antioxidant. The study concludes that cow urine can be used as an effective antimicrobial as well as antioxidant.

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We present the Feynman proof of the Lorentz force law plus dissipative terms with a linear dependence on the velocity vector. In addition, we discuss in this context the inverse problem of the calculus of variations and the inverse problem for the Poisson dynamics. Given the equations of motion, the Helmholtz conditions for the inverse problem of the calculus of variations are solved and the Lagrangian is shown to have the nonsingular gauge type form.

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