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Jungermannia doellingeri has alternatively been aligned with Harpanthaceae, Lophocoleaceae, Plagiochilaceae, and Lophoziaceae. Currently it is placed in a monogeneric family Chonecoleaceae of Jungermanniales suborder Lophocoleineae, as Chonecolea doellingeri. Maximum likelihood analyses of a chloroplast DNA rbcL-rps4 dataset of jungermannialean liverworts suggest a position of Chonecolea in Jungermanniales suborder Cephaloziineae and a synonymy of Chonecoleaceae and Cephaloziellaceae. The monospecific genus Rivulariella is not affiliated with Jungermanniaceae but related to Scapaniaceae s.l. (including Anastrophyllaceae and Lophoziaceae).

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Molecular and morphological data support the recognition of seven species of Chiastocaulon in Australia, of which four, namely C. braunianum and C. geminifolium comb. nov. from tropical north-eastern Queensland and C. proliferum and C. flamabilis sp. nov. from Tasmania (and New Zealand), represent new records. The other three species accepted for Australia are C. biserialis, C. dendroides and C. oppositum. Chiastocaulon conjugatum is excluded from the Australian flora, because previous Australian records are based on misidentifications of C. braunianum and Plagiochila retrospectans. Pedinophyllum monoicum, reported for Australia from a single locality in Victoria, is excluded from the Australian flora because all credible records are based on misidentifications of Syzygiella tasmanica. The Papua New Guinean Chiastocaulon takakii comb. nov. is reinstated from synonymy under C. dendroides on the basis of morphological evidence. Descriptions and illustrations of all Australian species, and dichotomous keys to species of the Chiastocaulon lineage in Australia and New Zealand, are provided.