Traditional approaches to programming education, as exemplified by the typical CS1/CS2 course sequence, have not taken full advantage of the long record of cognitive and experimental studies on the development of programming skills. These studies indicate a need for a new curricular strategy for developing programming skills and indicate that a cognitive approach would be a promising starting point. Taking this approach, this working group seeks to accomplish two major goals:• to identify a Dreyfus stage [1] for programming proficiency that students should attain by the time they complete an undergraduate computer science degree program and• to identify a collection of programming skill sets that students should have when they complete an undergraduage computer science degree program and to characterize each skill set by a set of expected outcomes, thus associating each skill set with a measurable level of mastery.

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The Departmental Paper Series presents research by IMF staff on issues of broad regional or cross-country interest. The views expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the IMF, its Executive Board, or IMF management.©International Monetary Fund. Not for Redistribution 4 Financial repression can also take the form of statutory restrictions on financial institutions that reduce the government's cost of financing its deficit. These forms of financial repression act as a tax on the financial system and hence crowd out private demand.5 Alexander Hamilton, the first US Secretary of the Treasury, warned against printing money to finance budget deficits in his report on public credit (1790): "The stamping of paper is an operation so much easier than the laying of taxes that a government in the practice of paper emissions would rarely fail in any such emergency to indulge itself too far.

Dr Gray was an assistant medical officer at the Islington Workhouse when he was offered the dangerous but well-paid post as surgeon to the Amir of Afghanistan in August 1888. He arrived in Afghanistan in March 1889 and continued in the post until June 1893. He described his experiences in his book, My Residence at the Court of the Amir.