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This paper outlines how an understanding of the processes of building cognitive and sociopolitical legitimacy is relevant to the formation of a biorefi ning sector. First we describe a number of theoretical insights into challenges faced by emerging industries and how these can relate to the formation of a biorefi ning sector. Second, we present the conduct and results of an initial exploration of understanding, acceptance, and support for the biorefi nery concept among a sample of actors in the EU policy community. General conclusions of this study are then provided in these two areas. Addressing theory versus evidence from the fi eld, it is found that many phenomena predicted by theory indeed appear in the empirical results and seem immediately relevant to the formative biorefi ning industry. Analysis of the perceptions of members of the policy community toward biorefi nery-related environmental, social, policy, reputational and policy issues reveals that there are a number of areas where prompt action from the political and scientifi c communities could yield signifi cant benefi ts. We conclude that theories enfolding the concepts of cognitive and sociopolitical legitimacy are relevant to discussions of biofuels, bioproducts and biorefi ning. Importantly, proponents of the biorefi nery concept can draw upon a broad body of knowledge generated in both related and non-related industries, to support their work reducing barriers to the emergence of commercial biorefi neries.A key area in this regard will be improved communication of biorefi nery contributions to sustainable development.

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