In regions with moderate climates such as central and northern Europe, Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES) is a suitable technique to supply buildings with large amounts of heating and cooling. ATES bridges the seasonal mismatch between the ambient temperature and the heating or cooling demand of a building. ATES is an open-loop, bidirectional system, which uses at least one groundwater well in the saturated zone to actively store excess heat in summer and cooling capacity, further named as cold, in winter. The stored thermal energy can be reused when required (

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