This paper demonstrates how Linked Data can be used to provide a semantically rich connection between the domains of Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Expertise from both domains is necessary for the planning of infrastructure projects such as roads, tunnels, bridges, and railways, as these projects usually require the consideration of widely diverging scales. As BIM and GIS rely on different types of data modeling standards, a conversion between the data models will inevitably result in data loss. To overcome this problem, we propose to utilize the concept of Linked Data which allows the original data to coexist and provide coherence by establishing references between the corresponding entities of both standards. The approach is illustrated using exemplary models of shield tunnels in both, the IFC and the CityGML format.

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Commission IV, WG IV/7KEY WORDS: Collaborative planning, integration of 3D modeling and simulation, multi-scale modelling, mobile computer vision. ABSTRACT:Computer-aided collaborative and multi-scale 3D planning are challenges for complex railway and subway track infrastructure projects in the built environment. Many legal, economic, environmental, and structural requirements have to be taken into account. The stringent use of 3D models in the different phases of the planning process facilitates communication and collaboration between the stake holders such as civil engineers, geological engineers, and decision makers. This paper presents concepts, developments, and experiences gained by an interdisciplinary research group coming from civil engineering informatics and geo-informatics banding together skills of both, the Building Information Modeling and the 3D GIS world. New approaches including the development of a collaborative platform and 3D multi-scale modelling are proposed for collaborative planning and simulation to improve the digital 3D planning of subway tracks and other infrastructures. Experiences during this research and lessons learned are presented as well as an outlook on future research focusing on Building Information Modeling and 3D GIS applications for cities of the future.

Additive manufacturing (AM) is no longer a new technology and is already being used profitably in many sectors of the economy. AM is also becoming increasingly popular in the construction industry, and more and more research is focused on unlocking new building materials for AM. As a digital fabrication method, AM provides many new opportunities for the design of innovative and complex architecture and also has the potential to increase the productivity of the construction industry. However, the planning effort can increase accordingly and only experts in this field are able to apply this technology to construction projects. A methodology to improve planning efficiency has already been developed for the construction industry in the form of Building Information Modeling. In BIM, however, only conventional manufacturing processes have been taken into account so far, meaning that computer-aided manufacturing processes such as AM are still considered separately. Even more importantly, the granularity of product and process information is normally not sufficient for automated manufacturing. For this reason, this study proposes a framework, Fabrication Information Modeling, which can be used to generate BIMsupported fabrication information for the use of AM in the context of construction projects. Additionally to an expected reduction in planning effort, FIM would also provide the means of realizing an end-to-end digital chain from the first draft to the production of a construction project.

Digital manufacturing methods have been successfully used in different industries for years and have since had a positive effect on the development of their productivity. These methods offer significantly greater design freedom and make it possible to develop shape-optimized and function-activated components. In the construction industry, however, these technologies are only being used reluctantly, even though additive methods could make resource-efficient construction possible. The possibly decisive disadvantage of these methods is that a significantly higher granularity of product and process information is required, thus significantly increasing the planning effort. A circumstance that the framework described in this study, fabrication information modeling (FIM), could significantly mitigate by linking digital fabrication and BIM-based digital building design via a digital chain. For this purpose, FIM provides a methodology with which the information of a digital building model can be detailed, component by component, in a fabrication-aware manner. Based on the open exchange data format IFC, the FIM framework integrates seamlessly into the BIM context and enables automated detailing of the design information.