Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are chemical compounds comprised of carbon and hydrogen molecules in a cyclic arrangement. PAHs are associated with risks to human health, especially carcinogenesis. One form of exposure to these compounds is through ingestion of contaminated food, which can occur during preparation and processing involving high temperatures (e.g., grilling, smoking, toasting, roasting, and frying) as well as through PAHs present in the soil, air, and water (i.e., environmental pollution). Differently from changes caused by microbiological characteristics and lipid oxidation, consumers cannot sensorially perceive PAH contamination in food products, thereby hindering their ability to reject these foods. Herein, the occurrence and biological effects of PAHs were comprehensively explored, as well as analytical methods to monitor their levels, legislations, and strategies to reduce their generation in food products. This review updates the current knowledge and addresses recent regulation changes concerning the widespread PAHs contamination in several types of food, often surpassing the concentration limits deemed acceptable by current legislations. Therefore, effective measures involving different food processing strategies are needed to prevent and reduce PAHs contamination, thereby decreasing human exposure and detrimental health effects. Furthermore, gaps in literature have been addressed to provide a basis for future studies.

-Ligas; -Formação; -Ciências da Saúde; -Educação Médica. RESUMO As Ligas Acadêmicas (LAs) surgem nas universidades brasileiras no início do século XX como estratégias e atividades extracurriculares. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as Ligas ABSTRACT Academic leagues have emerged in Brazilian universities in the twentieth century as strategies and extracurricular activities. The objective of this paper is to analyze structured academic leagues in operation at the University of Brasilia as teaching and learning strategies. Method: Data was collected through documentary survey, interview survey, individual interviews applied to participants of academic leagues (eight representatives), teachers/coordinators of academic leagues (four representatives) and participants of activities provided for the members of academic leagues (four representatives

A food fraud and adulteration review was conducted based on scientific literature in Brazil. Milk and its products were the main targets of food fraud and adulterations. Food fraud and adulteration causes and suggestions for good practice are presented. The results can be used to analyze food safety and protect consumer rights.

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