Reservoirs are manmade habitats, intermediate between rivers and lakes, presenting distinct hydrological and morphometric characteristics, with differential mean water residence time. They also present proper vertical and horizontal organisations, and their evolution depends on several variables acting on different special and temporal scales. The water quality evolution of the Itaipu Reservoir was evaluated through the analysis of the physical, chemical and biological variables, and by the application of Trophic State Indices. We concluded that the limnological variables present a horizontal pattern of variation highly dependent upon the hydrological regime. The turbidity and total suspended solids presented the same distribution pattern in the reservoir zones. The fluvial zone had the highest concentrations of nutrients, suspended solids and turbidity. The results of the Trophic State Indices indicate a mesotrophic level for the fluvial and transition zones, and an oligotrophic one for the lacustrine zone.Keywords: limnology, Itaipu reservoir, water quality, eutrophication, Brazil. Limnologia no reservatório de Itaipu: grau de eutrofização e distribuição horizontal de suas variáveis limnológicas ResumoOs reservatórios são ambientes artificiais e intermediários entre rios e lagos, apresentando características morfométricas e hidrológicas distintas, com alta taxa de renovação da água e organizações vertical e horizontal características. A evolução desses ecossistemas depende de variáveis que atuam em diferentes escalas espaciais e temporais. A evolução da qualidade da água do Reservatório de Itaipu foi avaliada por meio da análise das variáveis físicas, químicas e biológicas e da aplicação de índices de Estado Trófico. Observou-se que as variáveis limnológicas químicas e físicas apresentaram um padrão de variação espacial (horizontal) e temporal fortemente dependente do regime hidrológico. Os efeitos da turbidez e os sólidos suspensos totais apresentaram o mesmo padrão de distribuição por zona do reservatório. A zona fluvial foi a que apresentou as maiores concentrações de nutrientes, sólidos suspensos e turbidez. Os resultados dos Índices de Estado Trófico indicaram um estado de mesotrofia para as zonas fluvial e de transição e oligotrofia para a zona lacustre.Palavras-chave: limnologia, reservatório de Itaipu, qualidade da água, eutrofização, Brasil.

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Artificial reservoirs have been used for drinking water supply, other human activities, flood control and pollution abatement worldwide, providing overall benefits to downstream water quality. Most reservoirs in Brazil were built during the 1970s, but their long-term patterns of trophic status, water chemistry, and nutrient removal are still not very well characterized. We aimed to evaluate water quality time series (1985-2010) data from the riverine and lacustrine zones of the transboundary Itaipu Reservoir (Brazil/Paraguay). We examined total phosphorus and nitrogen, chlorophyll a concentrations, water transparency, and phytoplankton density to look for spatial and temporal trends and correlations with trophic state evolution and nutrient retention. There was significant temporal and spatial water quality variation (P < 0.01, ANCOVA). The results indicated that the water quality and structure of the reservoir were mainly affected by one internal force (hydrodynamics) and one external force (upstream cascading reservoirs). Nutrient and chlorophyll a concentrations tended to be lower in the lacustrine zone and decreased over the 25-year timeframe. Reservoir operational features seemed to be limiting primary production and phytoplankton development, which exhibited a maximum density of 6050  org/mL. The relatively small nutrient concentrations in the riverine zone were probably related to the effect of the cascade reservoirs upstream of Itaipu and led to relatively low removal percentages. Our study suggested that water quality problems may be more pronounced immediately after the filling phase of the artificial reservoirs, associated with the initial decomposition of drowned vegetation at the very beginning of reservoir operation.