Short AbstractSince 2012 the Dutch metropolitan area (The metropole region of Amsterdam, the city of Amsterdam, Rotterdam, the Hague, Utrecht ) cooperate in finding the best way to stimulate electric mobility through the implementation of a public charging infrastructure. With more than 5600 charge points and 1.6 million charge sessions in the last two years this is one of the most extensively used public charging infrastructure available worldwide. In this paper a benchmark study is carried out to identify different charge patterns between these 5 leading areas with an extensive public charging infrastructure to establish whether and how charge behaviour (e.g. charged volume, capacity utilization, unique users) differs between cities. Based on the results first explanations for possible differences in charge patterns between cities will be provided. The study aims to contribute to a better understanding of the utilization of public charging infrastructure in a metropolitan area existing of four city centres and the Amsterdam metropolitan area and to provide input for policy makers to prepare a public charging infrastructure ready for the projected growth of electric mobility in the next five years.EVS29 International Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium -Abstract

Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to analyze the inhibiting factors of partnership creation between social entrepreneurs in the business, government, public and non-profit sector. Design/methodology/approach -This paper examines four cases of social entrepreneurship in the start-up phase. Each case is studied in real time, for a period of two years. Findings -The empirical research reveals that partnership creation for social enterprises between a social enterprise and organizations in various sectors is inhibited by conflicting interests and diverging speed of on one hand and by the conflicts that originate from the opportunity-seeking behavior of the social entrepreneur and the risk avoiding behavior of the organizations. While the social start-ups that managed to neutralize such inhibitors succeeded, the start-up enterprises that did not manage to do so failed. Originality/value -While, there is a sound body of knowledge of the factors that inhibit the more traditional single and cross-sector partnerships, relatively little is known about the factors that inhibit the partnerships between social enterprises and organizations in the business, public, government, and non-profit sectors in society.

Developers of charging infrastructure, be it public or private parties, are highly dependent on accurate utilization data in order to make informed decisions where and when to expand charging points. The Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, in close cooperation with the municipalities of Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, Utrecht, and the Metropolitan Region of Amsterdam Electric, developed both the back- and front-end of a charging infrastructure assessment platform that processes and represents real-life charging data. Charging infrastructure planning and design methods described in the literature use geographic information system data, traffic flow data of non-EV vehicles, or geographical distributions of, for example, refueling stations for combustion engine vehicles. Only limited methods apply real-life charging data. Rolling out public charging infrastructure is a balancing act between stimulating the transition to zero-emission transport by enabling (candidate) EV drivers to charge, and limiting costly investments in public charging infrastructure. Five key performance indicators for charging infrastructure utilization are derived from literature, workshops, and discussions with practitioners. The paper describes the Data Warehouse architecture designed for processing large amounts of charging data, and the web-based assessment platform by which practitioners get access to relevant knowledge and information about the current performance of existing charging infrastructure represented by the key performance indicators developed. The platform allows stakeholders in the decision-making process of charging point installation to make informed decisions on where and how to expand the already existing charging infrastructure. The results are generalizable beyond the case study regions in the Netherlands and can serve the roll-out of charging infrastructure, both public and semi-public, all over the world.

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