Abstract-The development of new GNSS constellations, and the modernization of existing ones, has increased the availability and the number of satellites-in-view, paving the way for new navigation algorithms and techniques. These offer the opportunity to improve the navigation performance while at the same time potentially reducing the support which has to be provided by Ground and Satellite Based Augmented Systems (GBAS and SBAS). These enhanced future capabilities can enable GNSS receivers to serve as a primary means of navigation, worldwide, and have provided the motivation for the Federal Aviation Administration ( In this paper, we will evaluate the ARAIM performance in simulated operational configurations. Aircraft flights can last for hours and on-board receivers don't always have a full view of the sky. Attitude changes from manoeuvers, obscuration by the aircraft body and shadowing from the surrounding environment could all affect the incoming signal from the GNSS constellations, leading to configurations that could adversely affect the real performance. For this reason, the main objective of the algorithm developed in this research project is to analyse these shadowing effects and compute the performance of the ARAIM technique when integrated with a predicted flight path using different combinations of three constellations (GPS, GLONASS and Galileo), considered as fully operational.

Analog research of human or combined human and robotic missions is an established tool to explore the workflows, instruments, risks, and challenges of future planetary surface missions in a representative terrestrial environment. Analog missions that emulate selected aspects of such expeditions have risen in number, expanded their range of disciplines covered, and seen a significant increase in their operational and programmatic impact on mission planning. We propose a method to compare analog missions across agencies, disciplines, and complexities/ fidelities to improve scientific output and mission safety and maximize effectiveness and efficiency. This algorithm measures mission performance, provides a tool for an objective postmission evaluation, and catalyzes programmatic progress. It does not evaluate individual sites or instruments but focuses at mission level. By applying the algorithm to several missions, we compare the missions' performance for benchmarking purposes. Methodically, a combination of objective data sets and questionnaires is used to evaluate three areas: two sections of closed and quantitative questions and a third section dedicated to the level or representativeness of the test site. By using a weighted metric, the complexity and fidelity of a mission are compared with reference missions, which yield strengths and weaknesses in mission planning.

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The Austrian Space Forum (ÖWF) is a citizen science organization with one of the most significant experience in Europe in Analog Mars Simulations. Since its establishment in 1999 it has developed a deep knowledge and understanding of simulated missions to Mars, culminating in six major field missions organized between 2006 and 2015 between Europe, North America and Africa. It is the only organization in Europe with a permanent Analog Astronaut Corp and, in order to support the field missions, an established Mission Support Center with trained personnel. Since the last mission, a 15 days long simulation in the Kaunertal glacier in Austria (AMADEE 15), and in preparation for the upcoming one, a month long expedition in Oman (AMADEE 18), a training program has been prepared and implemented to develop and train the skills of the volunteers who will support the mission from both the field and the Mission Support Center. This training flow is developed in parallel with the dedicated one for the Analog Astronauts, which consists of a basic training in the major areas of technical skills and emergency training supplemented by a continuous physical training, nutritional coaching, media and education and outreach activities. In addition, mission specific training is added in preparation for the major field missions, approximately one year prior to the start of the activities and progressively refined as soon as the scientific program is finalized. The training program for the Mission Support center personnel is articulated in two major milestones, which are 3 days long face to face courses held in Innsbruck, where the ÖWF headquarter and the Mission Support Center are located; those are respectively an Analog Mission Basic Training (AMBT) and an Analog Mission Advanced Training (AMAT). As said, the ÖWF is a citizen science organization open to students, professionals and in general targeting anyone with an interest in space, therefore there is a variety of backgrounds and skills, which have to be considered and integrated in the training preparation. In order to set a common level of initial knowledge, the first part of the AMBT course is developed as an online series of lectures, introducing the ÖWF history and some generic concepts on the different teams working for an analog mission, namely the Flight Control Team, Flight Planning, Remote Science Support, Information technology, Media, Field and Ground Support. In addition, some introductory readings on planetary exploration and Mars Mission Design, including the PolAres manifest, which is the interdisciplinary program lead by the ÖWF to prepare for a future robotic-human Mars mission. The concepts learned in the online part of the course are then exploited during the fact to face part of the course, in which additional communication skills are developed in preparation for the first analog Simulation, in which the participants are getting a first introduction to the Mission Support Center consoles and tools. In the same timeframe the students receive the first introduct...

Abstract-Advanced Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (ARAIM) is a new Aircraft Based Augmentation System (ABAS) technique, firstly presented in the two reports of the GNSS Evolutionary Architecture Study (GEAS). TheARAIM technique offers the opportunity to enable GNSS receivers to serve as a primary means of navigation, worldwide, for precision approach down to LPV-200 operation, while at the same time potentially reducing the support which has to be provided by Ground and Satellite Based Augmented Systems (GBAS and SBAS). ARAIM is based on the Solution Separation Method and implements other techniques, such as:• Frequency diversity, using dual-frequency measurements.• Geometry diversity, using multi-constellation configurations, combining the available satellites from the new and renewed constellations (GPS, Galileo and GLONASS, but potentially Beidou too).• Integrity Support Message, describing both the nominal error behavior and the probability of fault of one or more satellites.Previous work analysed ARAIM performance, clearly showing the potential of this new architectures to provide the Required Navigation Performance for LPV 200. However, almost all of the studies have been performed with respect to fixed points on a grid on the Earth's surface, with full view of the sky, evaluating ARAIM performance from a geometrical point of view and using nominal performance in simulated scenarios which last several days. Though, the operational configuration was not examined; attitude changes from manoeuvres, obscuration by the aircraft body and shadowing from the surrounding environment could all affect the incoming signal from the GNSS constellations, leading to configurations that could adversely affect the real performance. In [8] we presented the ARAIM performance in simulated operational configurations. The results showed that the aircraft attitude and the surrounding environment affect the performance of the ARAIM algorithm; each satellite lost generates a peak in the performance parameters that depends on the total number of satellites in view, their relative geometry and on the number of satellites lost at the same time. The main outcome of this research is the identification that the ideal scenario would be to have a triconstellation system that provides at the same time high redundancy, reliability and increased safety margin.In this paper, we summarise and continue the work performed in our project. In our research we developed four different algorithms that integrate the ARAIM technique for performance prediction analysis. These algorithms could usefully be implemented: •In the design of instrument approach procedures. The algorithms could be used to improve the procedure of the development of new instrument approaches, reducing time, effort and costs.• In the aircraft Flight Management Systems. The algorithms could support the pilots in the pre-flight briefing, highlighting possible integrity outage in advance and allowing them to select a different approach or making them aware of the need to uti...