Objectives To determine changes in the distribution of uropathogens and their antimicrobial resistance in pediatric patients in a children's hospital from 2005 to 2016. Methods A cross-sectional analysis of uropathogens and their antimicrobial resistance within inpatient children was performed over the 11-year period, 2005 to 2016, in Ali Asghar children's hospital. The rate of antibiotic resistance among patients was evaluated according to demographic data including age, sex, urinary tract abnormities and history of antibiotic consumption. Results In total, 958 female and 349 male positive cultures were analyzed. Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) (77.6%) was the most common causative agent of urinary tract infection (UTI) in children and Klebsiella pneumoniae (10.4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.4%), and Enterococcus spp (2.4%) were less frequent isolated bacteria. The resistance rates of E. coli isolates were increased against amikacin, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazole and imipenem from 2005 to 2010. However, we observed a decreasing trend for some of antibiotics including amikacin, gentamicin, imipenem, ceftazidime and cotrimoxazole during 2014–2016. The rate of antibiotic resistance was greater in boys than in girls against many antibiotics. The rate of resistance to amikacin, gentamicin, nitrofurantoin and cotrimoxazole in patients aged <1 year was higher than other age groups ( p <0.001). A higher antibiotic resistance rate was observed in patients with anatomical abnormality and those who have had a history of antibiotic consumption. Conclusion The study indicated the significant decrease in E. coli antibiotic resistance in the last 3 years. An effective empirical treatment regime should be based on local epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility testing.

BackgroundChondrosarcomas are an exceedingly rare form of cancer, impacting only a few individuals per million. Among chondrosarcomas, a small fraction belongs to the mesenchymal sub‐type. Furthermore, only one‐third of mesenchymal chondrosarcomas manifest in extraskeletal locations.CaseA 38‐year‐old woman was referred by a midwife after experiencing pain in the right upper quadrant of her right breast for 2 months. The mass had been palpable for 1 week before the initial assessment. According to radiological evaluations, the tumor is outside breast tissue and not connected to the bones. Hence, a biopsy of the mass is done. The biphasic morphology of the tumor during pathological evaluation, in addition to immunohistochemistry testing, confirms the diagnosis of extraskeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma (EMCS). Finally, the mass was surgically removed, and 6 months of chemotherapy were administered to the patient.ConclusionGiven the tumor's rarity and the lack of established guidelines, diagnosing EMCS can be challenging and prone to errors. As such, meticulous sampling, along with precise pathological and imaging investigations, is imperative to accurately establish the diagnosis of these tumors.