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Development and population growth have made using shallow buried pipes in urban areas, highways, and subways inevitable. In this study, the performance and behavior of shallow unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (uPVC) pipes buried in sand reinforced with PET (polyethylene terephthalate) bottles produced by the end consumer filled with soil under static loads were investigated. The bottle reinforcement mattress filled with soil was vertically installed above the buried uPVC pipe inside the soil bed at the required depth; after that, backfilling was performed. The effects of the relative density of soil, placement depth, and the width of the soil-filled bottle-reinforced block were examined. The increase in relative density has shown a noticeable decrease in footing surface settlement and load transferred to the buried pipe. The test results have shown significant improvement in the ultimate bearing capacity of bottle-reinforced soil with a reduction in surface settlement. The backfill reinforced with soil-filled bottle block has shown a 71% improvement in ultimate bearing capacity. Additionally, the improvement in bearing capacity increases as the placement depth decreases and width increases. The optimum depth of placement and width of the bottle-reinforced mattress were 0.50 and 2.08 B. The proposed soil reinforcement method may be a good and relatively inexpensive alternative to traditional geosynthetic reinforcement while providing geotechnical and environmental benefits.

Changing the soft soils' characteristics is difficult by directly incorporating Graphene oxide due to underlying soil properties. Therefore the stability of treated soils used for cementitious materials can be improved by treatment with Graphene oxide. Consistency and compression tests were used to study the mechanical behavior of the new compound Graphene mixture from fine, stable Graphene oxide. The soft clay used in this study has a shear strength of 33.0 kPa. It was stabilized with 0.1% Graphene oxide and cured for one day and some samples for seven days. It was concluded that the void ratio decreased with the addition of Graphene oxide under a given consolidation pressure. The other soil properties: swelling potential, coefficient of volume compressibility (mv), and coefficient of consolidation (Cv) decrease with increasing Graphene oxide under curing periods.

It is extremely difficult to obtain a change in soil properties by incorporating graphene directly into the soft soil. Therefore, the stability of the soil or cementitious materials can be improved by treating them with graphene. Graphene is easily manufactured from pure graphite powder. Based on this aggregation, it may alter the final properties of graphene, because it completely depends on the raw chemicals and the method of building this material. The mechanical behavior of a new compound graphene was studied through consistency and compression. The soft clay used in this study is characterized with shear strength of 33.0 kPa. It is stabilized with 0.1 % of graphene with curing periods of 1 day and 7 days. It was observed that the void ratio decreased with addition of graphene under a given consolidation pressure. In addition, each of the swelling potential, the coefficient of volume compressibility and the coefficient of consolidation decrease with increasing the period of curing of graphene.