BackgroundA total of 6,500 to 8,000 steps per day are recommended for cardiovascular secondary prevention. The aim of this research was to examine how many steps per day patients achieve during ambulant cardiac rehabilitation (CR), and if there is a correlation between the number of steps and physical and cardiological parameters.MethodsIn all, 192 stable CR patients were included and advised for sealed pedometry. The assessed parameters included maximum working capacity and heart rate, body mass index (BMI), New York Heart Association (NYHA) class, ejection fraction (EF), coronary artery disease status, beta-blocker medication, age, sex, smoking behavior, and laboratory parameters. A regularized regression approach called least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) was used to detect a small set of explanatory variables associated with the response for steps per day. Based on these selected covariates, a sparse additive regression model was fitted.ResultsThe model noted that steps per day had a strong positive correlation with maximum working capacity (P=0.001), a significant negative correlation with higher age (P=0.01) and smoking (smoker: P<0.05; ex-smoker: P=0.01), a positive correlation with high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and a negative correlation with beta-blockers. Correlation between BMI and walking activity was nonlinear (BMI 18.5–24: 7,427±2,730 steps per day; BMI 25–29: 6,448±2,393 steps/day; BMI 30–34: 6,751±2,393 steps per day; BMI 35–39: 5,163±2,574; BMI >40: 6,077±1,567).ConclusionWalking activity during CR is reduced in patients who are unfit, older, smoke, or used to smoke. In addition to training recommendations, estimated steps per day during CR could be seen as a baseline orientation that helps patients to stay generally active or even to increase activity after CR.
ZusammenfassungTabakrauchen ist das größte vermeidbare Gesundheitsrisiko. Die Auswirkungen sind individuell und gesellschaftlich gravierend. Dennoch ist die Prävalenz aktuell Tabakrauchender in Deutschland mit ca. 35 % weiterhin hoch. Sorge bereitet zudem ein zuletzt starker Anstieg aktiv rauchender Jugendlicher (14- bis 17-Jährige, aktuelle Prävalenz ca. 16 %) und junger Erwachsener (18- bis 24-Jährige, aktuelle Prävalenz ca. 41 %). Etwa ein Drittel der stationär behandelten Patienten:innen rauchen. Die Hospitalisierung von aktiven Rauchern:innen in Akut- und Rehakliniken ist als „teachable moment“ ein günstiger Zeitpunkt, eine Tabakentwöhnung einzuleiten. Eine Intervention, die im Krankenhaus beginnt und nach der Entlassung mindestens einen Monat lang fortgesetzt wird, führt zu etwa 40 % zusätzlich entwöhnter Patienten:innen. Sie ist wissenschaftlich gut untersucht, effektiv und kosteneffizient. Die poststationäre Anbindung kann an ein Tabakentwöhnungsprogramm, eine Rehabilitationseinrichtung, ein Internet- oder Telefonangebot erfolgen. Es bestehen in Deutschland strukturierte und qualitätsgesicherte Angebote zur Umsetzung sowohl für den stationären als auch für den ambulanten Bereich. Größtes Hindernis für eine breite Etablierung solcher Angebote ist die fehlende Kostenerstattung. Zwei umsetzbare Wege, dies zu ändern, wären die Einführung eines Zusatzentgelts für den bestehenden OPS 9-501 „Multimodale stationäre Behandlung zur Tabakentwöhnung“ sowie die Etablierung von Qualitätsverträgen nach § 110a SGB V. Ein Ausbau der Tabakentwöhnung in Gesundheitseinrichtungen würde die Rauchprävalenz und die damit einhergehenden Erkrankungen sowie die konsekutiven Kosten nachhaltig reduzieren.
Problem: Reducing risk by improving fitness is one of the main objectives of cardiac rehabilitation (CR). To estimate how the number of steps/day post-CR affects coronary patients’ prognosis, we analyzed its correlation with the occurrence of death, hospitalizations, and heart complaints, and if and how other variables (ejection fraction (EF), gender, age) relate to those. Methods: One hundred eleven patients (male = 91, female = 20; average age ± standard deviation (SD): 61 ± 11 years) who had been in CR due to recent coronary revascularization or chronic coronary syndrome could be enrolled. Patients were advised to document their steps (daily), blood pressure (daily), weight (weekly) and occurrences of a cardiac event in a diary for 1 year post-CR. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to examine the influence of steps/day, EF, gender, and age until the occurrence of an event. Kaplan-Meier curves were generated to compare patients’ profiles. Results: Average steps/day of patients post-CR were 7333 (SD 4426). Increased walking activity reduced risk for cardiac hospitalization (constant steps/day: 5000 vs 7500, hazard rate (HR) reduction of 0.43; 10 000 vs 12 500, HR reduction of 0.20) and risk was higher in patients with an EF < 55% versus EF ⩾ 55% (HR increase of 2.88). Median follow-up time post-CR was 218 days. No patient died, 25 were hospitalized. Discussion: Monitoring the number of steps of coronary patients post CR could be valuable for estimating patients’ prognosis.
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