In this study, a methodology was suggested for wind and solar energy investment plans through linear optimization model for the countries with an energy-based current deficit problem. The originality of the study is that it is a renewable energy investment model based on the functioning of the balance of payments for current deficit reduction, which has not previously been encountered in the literature. While creating the model, without causing external economic imbalance, certain parameters were taken into consideration such as profit transfers for the foreign direct investments, interest payments for the domestic investments, import rates for the wind and solar energy systems, energy electric power production values, electric power load balance, electricity transmission infrastructure, CO 2 emission, future electric power demand projection, and import source rates in the electric power production. It was proven that the model, for the 2019-2030 period in Turkey, not only is an opportunity for decreasing the current deficit but also ensures reaching the CO 2 emission reduction target. Additionally, through the investments in wind and solar energy, it was calculated that fossil-based electric power production will decrease by 80%, and a CO 2 reduction will be provided, which is equivalent of 100 million tonnes GWh natural gas. As a more general result, an optimization model was created which provides a solution for countries coping with energy-based current deficit in economic terms, energy-based air pollution in environmental terms, and renewable energy technology insufficiency.

Gender inequality that exists in every area of a society is experienced at an intense level in employment area in Turkey. This inequality, though has been decreasing, goes on in every aspect of employment such as female labor force participation rate, unemployment rate, underemployment rate, informal employment, salaries etc., and slows down the process of enhancement of women’s position in the society. Evaluating Turkey with regards to the United Nations Millennium Development Goals 2015, it is clearly observed that no significant progress could be achieved in reduction of social gender inequality. One of the important goals in the development process in the world is to enhance welfare in countries by increasing woman employment. As a consequence of expansion in services sectors in the last two decades, female labor force participation has approached to but it is still lower than that of males labor force. It is of necessity to present women’s labour through a comparison of data from various countries in order to shed light to the problem of gender-based inequality women live through in Turkey. Therefore, in this study, women’s labour has been evaluated through a comparative analysis of Turkey and preselected OECD countries. The findings of the study have reached several different features of Turkey and have defined similarities between Turkey and these countries.

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An important macroeconomic variable, current account deficit as percentage of gross domestic product is considered as an indicator of an economic crisis when it is above 5%. In the economies where current account deficit is a problem, source of current account deficit should be determined for the solution. In the case of an interaction between credit expansion and current account, policies using a credit mechanism can be applied to stabilize the current account balance. In order to determine the relationship between current account deficit and credit volume before and after the financial crisis, visual graphics based on data will be utilized. This paper analysis the cointegration, long and short run causality relationship between current account deficit and consumer credits for Turkey over the period 2004Q3-2013Q3. The results of Johansen cointegration test indicate a cointegration between these variables. The empirical results show that there is bidirectional long and short run casuality relationship among variables. After the financial crisis of 2008, the increase in credit expansion increased domestic consumption depending on imports causing deterioration in current account deficit. There are difficulties of low finance qualities of this current account deficit and the realization of structural transformation in favor of exports in short term. Targeting a continuing economic growth increases energy dependency and import of investment goods, so puts credit mechanism policies forward to fight with current account deficit. Limiting the credit volume more than necessary to reduce current account deficit can worsen the various macroeconomic variables.