One of the most significant urban services is the carwash, which generates large amounts of wastewater containing a variety of pollutants, including sand, gravel, suspended solids, surfactants, oil products, diesel cleaners, etc., that may cause environmental pollution when transferred to the sewage system without any treatment. The effective treatment is crucial to prevent environmental pollution as well as to recycle the water source. Contaminants are removed from carwash effluent using a variety of treatment technologies. This review focuses on identifying and comparing efficiency of using advanced commercial and modified membrane filtration techniques, meeting discharge standard regulations, to treat carwash impurities, especially detergents/surfactants (anionic surfactant) and petroleum products (oil/grease). The results of this review indicate that ultrafiltration membrane (UF) is the most common membrane filtration technology for carwash wastewater treatment. Additionally, the adoption of traditional pre-treatment processes may be advantageous before utilization of membrane process for treating carwash wastewater; although conventional treatment processes can produce a high quality of effluent, they are less effective than membrane systems.

Five experimental diets were formulated to feed Cyprinus carpio fingerlings. The diet contained CdCl 2 .H 2 O as a source of pollutant with levels 0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 mg /KgDW as well as the feed contained 28% crude protein and 8% crude lipid. The experiment last for 71 days in Aquaculture breeding unit in College of Science, University of Salahaddin, Erbil. The diets were hand-fed to fish twice a day at 3 % of fish body weight. Fish exposure to 0.5, 1 and 3 mg/kg Cd for 71-days caused an increase in the levels of both Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) enzymes of C. carpio. Negative correlation was found among High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) with triglyceride, amylase, Glutamic-Pyruvic Transaminase (GPT), Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and Alkaline phosphatase level (ALP). by increasing Cd concentration, serum cholesterol levels were decreased. Significant Positive correlation were observed between mass gain and fish growth rate, body final weight and survival, while negative correlation found between fish growth rate, mortality and feed conversion ratio (FCR) during this study. Water samples were collected weekly from the experimental tanks for evaluation of physical and chemical properties. The range of temperature and turbidity of studied water samples during the study period were (22.75 to 25.47 o C) and (0.4 to 4.2 NTU) respectively. The minimum values of total hardness, reactive phosphorus (PO 4-3), ammonia (NH 3) and nitrate (NO 3) for measured water samples were 220 mg.CaCO 3 .l-1 , 4.063 mg.l-1 , 0.067 mg.l-1 and 37.088 mg.l-1 , while the maximum values were 277.5 mg.CaCO 3 .l-1 , 15.05 mg.l-1 , 1.356 mg.l-1 and 45.622 mg.l-1 respectively.