No abstract

As the representation of the initial typo-morphology of a human settlement, the Akarçay Tepe Plaque C (Nizip Plaque) belonging to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN) Age is known to be the proof of the presence of a conscious intervention to space and that land arrangement was registered with an artisanal product. In this context, this article aims to determine the Plaque C's location in today's city and settlement characteristic at the time of production by presenting its spatial features through the traces of the Plaque layout remaining in the existing landscape and urban texture. The other aim is to determine land application principles of that settlement period. To present land arrangement having the intention of defining property and recording in the form of a land model as a human behavior and a need for restructuring space since the PPN Age is the objective of the article. The article also targets to develop a rational PPN period settlement model on the basis of settlement design principles and within the context of the theory of urbanization. Based on the spatial analysis of the Plaque C, it is discussed that the traces of the Plaque are a heritage and a possession the preservation of which is a need. In line with this, the role of the disciplines of urban planning and urban archaeology is evaluated with a critical point of view. A multidisciplinary method was used for the research. A database was prepared by digitally processing the Plaque C layout onto the oldest settlement plan of Nizip, forming its digital elevation model, and topographic maps and superimposing the Plaque C layout with the existing land and the cadastral layout. The Plaque layout, design and dimensions were compared to the current urban texture. The Nizip settlement base maps of different periods, aerial photographs, urban implementation plans and cadastral plans are used in the analysis. The study is supported by a literature survey. The spatial traces determined from an archaeological artefact were checked on site by a field study conducted in 2018.

Tokyo, Güvenli Kentler Endeksi (SCI), Dirençli Kentler Endeksi (CRI) ve Savills Dirençli Kentler Endeksi'ne göre dünyanın en dirençli kentidir. Kent, fiziki yapısı olan, doğa ve insanın birlikte geliştiği ve birbirini etkilediği sosyo-ekolojik bir sistemdir. Kentin sistemi; iklim değişikliği ve depremler başta olmak üzere doğal kaynaklı ve insan kaynaklı afetlere açıktır. Afetler kaçınılmaz olarak meydana geldiğinden Tokyo kentini; aynı anda, dirençli, kırılgan ve tehlikeli bir kent olarak tanımlamak mümkündür. Dünya üzerindeki pek çok kent afete maruz olduğundan yaygın kamu politikalarıyla riske karşı koymayı bir araç haline getirmiştir. Ancak bu kentlerin hiçbiri Tokyo kentinin dirençlilik seviyesine sahip değildir. Ayrıca Tokyo, dirençli bir kent olma yönünde teknik ve akademik çalışmaların odaklandığı veya icra imkânı bulduğu bir kenttir. Bu makale; bütüncül bir bakış açısıyla Tokyo'nun dirençli bir kent olma zorunluluğuna değinerek, kamu idarelerinin bilinçli ve belirgin anlayışları, çabaları ve uygulamalarını tespit etmeyi ve çeşitli çabaların varlığına rağmen, bugünkü tehlikeli ve kırılgan durumunu tartışmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu tartışmanın, dirençli kent olma öngörüsüne sahip olan veya olmayan diğer dünya kentlerinin birey ve karar vericilerinin düşün ve eylemlerine yön göstermesi ve dirençli kent çabalarına katkı sağlaması hedeflenmektedir. Betimleyici analiz yöntemiyle ele alınan kentin mevcut durumuyla ilgili çalışmalar eleştirel bir yaklaşımla değerlendirilmektedir. Değerlendirme, Tokyo kentinde yerinde aktif gözlemlere dayalı görsellerle desteklenmektedir.

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Every civilisation, based on its socioeconomic relations, designs its land regime by using a cadastral system, plans the ways in which its land will be used, and present these through maps or spatial plans. Akarçay Tepe Lined and Marked Limestone Plaques, the use reasons of which are unknown by the archaeology discipline, were originally found during excavations and are on exhibition in Şanlıurfa Museum in Turkey. The plaques have been dated back to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic Age.</p><p>This paper aims to present what Plaques from Akarçay Tepe actually refer to and the methodology of determination. It originates from a research study which was commenced in 2017 on the basis of the propositions that these Plaques are in fact, maps and spatial plans showing the land regime and topography at the time they were made. Spatial dimensions of three Akarçay Tepe plaques with reference to technical features are examined on the foundation of the urban planning discipline. The objective here is to make it possible to adjust the findings of an archaeological excavation and to make a contribution as a proposed alternative method for the evaluation of these findings.</p><p>The three plaques for which research permission was granted were not related to the cadastral arrangements of Akarçay Tepe, but provide indications of the patterns of other settlements: Birecik, Yeşilözen, and Nizip. The plaques are spatial plans drawn to 1&amp;thinsp;:&amp;thinsp;1000 scale displayed in the form of a 3-D model map. The plaques show the settlement topography, land regime, land use decisions, boundaries of control and settlement and agricultural support systems. Plaques, besides agricultural land pattern display the first typo-morphology of urbanisation of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic Age.</p>

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> For as long as humans have existed, they have created specific legal structures and technical means of representation in order to situate themselves within the geographical space where they live, to find the right direction, to measure time and distance, to define property and to calculate gradients. With the progress of civilisation, maps came to be used as an instrument for controlling society, siting architectural structures, establishing towns and determining trade axes and property rights. As social structures and the needs and relationships embedded in them changed, and technical and technological methods became more advanced, cartography developed too, and the uses of maps increased. From their earliest discovery, the basic characteristics of maps were grids, isohypses (contours) and physical data. The geography and settlements of Anatolia provide some clues as to the types of grid that were used in ancient times. There are invisible grids compatible with Euclidean geometry. These can only be detected from the clues given by the settlement locations. These grids, which have determined the locations of settlements, the pattern of roads, the geostamps&amp;reg; and the division of the land in Anatolia, are an unknown aspect of the ancient era. In response to the obscurity of the topic, this paper sets out to make a preliminary appraisal of the grids of the ancient era. With the aid of a multi-disciplinary approach, an inter-disciplinary methodology and the Google Earth software, it outlines some of the types of grid that it has been possible to identify from analyses and drawings of the geography of Anatolia, together with their measures and origins. The paper aims to make a contribution to the disciplines of cartography and spatial planning by presenting the invisible grids of the Anatolia.</p>