Isolation of the fruit CH3OH extract of Terminalia citrina yielded five known tannins identified as corilagin (1) (3), punicalagin (2) (4), 1,3,6-tri-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucopyranose (3) (5), chebulagic acid (4) (6), and 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucopyranose (5) (7) by comparison of their physical and spectral data with those of authentic samples. These tannins were tested for antimicrobial action.

The number of cellular phone subscribers is increasing every year and there have been reports of health disorders related to the high-frequency radio waves. This paper considers the dependence of Thai university and high school students on cellular phones. A survey form (cellular phone dependence questionnaire: CPDQ) was distributed to 181 female and 177 male Thai university students and to 240 female and 140 male Thai high school students. The surveys were collected, Cronbach alpha coefficient was calculated, and a factor analysis was performed using the principal factor method and varimax rotation. The total scores were 16.54 to 20.04 and the Cronbach's alpha coefficients were 0.808 to 0.930. According to a factor analysis of 20 scored items, 4 factors were extracted for both male and female high school students, and the cumulative correlation coefficients of the male and female groups were 64.85% and 62.70%, respectively. Five factors were extracted for male university students and 6 factors were extracted for female university students, and the cumulative correlation coefficients were 58.08% and 57.91%, respectively. The W value results of the Shapiro-Wilk W-test for male university students, female university students, male high school students and female high school students were 0.969, 0.984, 0.964, and 0.913 respectively, thus verifying the normality of the score distributions. The total scores for the Thai university students were higher than the scores for the Thai high school students. The factor analysis of female high school students confirmed a large difference compared to male university students, male high school students, and Japanese female university students. (The Japanese students were surveyed in an earlier study by Toda et al.). Also, the CPDQ total score was high, which indicated a strong tendency toward dependence.

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There are evidences describing that the prices of prescription medicines can aŠect users, suppliers, and, in particular, payers in the health care system. Despite the signiˆcant eŠects of prices, the information regarding their characteristics is scarce. The objective of this study was to examine the prices and price variations of prescription medicines in an actual setting. A cross-sectional study on the prices of prescription medicines listed in a hospital formulary was undertaken. The medicines (n＝1531) listed in the formulary were recorded according to the category of the medicine (essential or non-essential medicines), manufacturer types (local or foreign), dosage forms, therapeutic classiˆcations (classes), and prices per unit in Baht. This study used coe‹cients of relative variations (CRVs) to determine the extent of price variations. Results revealed that the mean prices of non-essential and foreign medicines were signiˆcantly greater than those of its counterparts by 1.7 and 21.2 times, respectively. On an average, the classes with the highest prices were blood-related, antineoplastic, and endocrinological agents, while those with the lowest prices were the psychotherapeutic, CNS, and cardiovascular agents. The majority of the medicines (37％) were in the price range of ＞10-100 Baht. The price variations of diŠerent classes of medicines varied from about 100％ to 600％. The mean price and CRV levels (low and high) formed four groups of medicines with diŠerent risks of high prices and variations to payers. In conclusion, the prices are associated with the category and manufacturer type. The prices and their variations could be used to distinguish the classes of medicines that possess diŠerent risks of high prices and variations to payers. Identifying the classes with high prices and high variations, high prices and low variations, and low prices and high variations is necessary for careful intervention to reduce the eŠect of prices and their variations on payers.

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