Background: Coronavirus disease is an emerging pandemic disease. The whole world is suffering from this disease these days. It is an acute respiratory disease in which transmission occurs essentially through respiratory droplets and this virus said to have 2-14 days of incubation.Objective: To assess their knowledge regarding COVID19 among registered nurses of Pokhara valley.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed with the help of the pretested and self-administered questionnaires to 750 registered nurses of Pokhara valley. Thus collected data was entered into SPSS version 20 and then further analyzed using R software. Frequency, percentages, the mean and standard deviation were calculated for the analysis. p-value was calculated where ever applicable to find the significance of data.Results: The study disclosed that mass of the respondents had moderate proportion (44.8%) concerning understanding, followed by the respondents had a low level of knowledge (29.2%) and the rest of them (26.0%) had good knowledge about COVID 19.Conclusion: Overall knowledge among nurses was found to be satisfactory as the disease is entirely new. Further research and updates on the diseases will help to profound knowledge among nurses.

Background: Neonates with a birth weight of less than 2500 g have a higher risk of morbidity and mortality than the babies of normal birth weight. Various factors may play the role in the incidence of low birth weight babies. Objectives: The objective of the study was to fi nd out the factors associated with low birth weight in a maternity hospital. Methods: A case control study was conducted at Paropakar Maternity and Women's Hospital Kathmandu. Non probability consecutive sampling method was applied in which the total study sample was 136. Among them 68 full term low birth weight babies as case and equal number of full term normal birth weight babies were included as control. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. Results: Half (50.0%) of the case mothers had history of previous low birth weight babies in comparision to 3.0% of the control mothers who had history of previous low birth weight babies. In regards to history of previous birth interval, 25.0% of cases and 3.0% of control mothers had history of previous birth interval of less than two years. Among those who had ANC visits, 40.0% of cases and 14.3% of controls had inadequate Antenatal visit during their last pregnancy. Study found a signifi cant association of low birth weight with smoking during pregnancy (p = 0.029) history of previous child with term LBW (p= 0.001), birth spacing (p = 0.009) and antenatal visit during pregnancy (p =0.001) among the case mothers. Conclusions: The study concludes that the incidence of low birth weight babies tends to be higher among the mothers with history of smoking during pregnancy, with birth spacing of less than two years, and who had less than four antenatal visits.

It is great time to know the psychological consequences and know how hoteliers are coping to it because of Covid19 lockdown. Thus we tried to access prevalence of perceived stress and associated factors among hoteliers of Nepal. A hotel based quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study was done using a structured questionnaire cum interview schedule. The data was recorded in Microsoft Excel sheet, and was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23. A descriptive analysis was done using mean, frequency, percentage and standard deviation. Bivariate analysis was done using Mann-whitney U test and Kruskal Wallis test as the data were non-normal. Significance level was observed at p-value less than 0.05. There was significant relation between stress score and variables like age, gender, marital status, smoking, alcohol, bread winner, sound sleep, family conflict, too many responsibilities, pay loans, pay rent of hotel, other source of income, paying salary, happy with government, lockdown only solution, economic problem and social problems. (p -value <0.05) Male had significantly higher stress than female. Similarly married participants showed significantly higher stress than unmarried. Stress level has been increased among the hoteliers of Nepal due to covid19 lockdown and has affected the tourism sector very badly.

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Background and objective Antenatal hydronephrosis (ANH) is one of the most common birth abnormalities and is defined as foetal renal pelvis dilatation > 4 mm before 33 weeks and 7 mm before 40 weeks gestation. Foetal pelvis AP diameter exceeding 14 mm is classified as severe hydronephrosis. It remains unclear at what degree of hydronephrosis should further investigations be initiated after birth. The objective of this study was to review the postnatal outcome of severe unilateral antenatal hydronephrosis with /or without hydroureter. Method Retrospective identification of pregnant mothers referred to the foetal medicine department between Jan 2003- June 2008, linkage of their babies through the Congenital Anomaly Register and Information Service database, analysis of the children's investigations and treatments at the University Hospital in Wales. Result Of the 61 pregnancies referred antenatally, 40 case notes were retrospectively reviewed to assess postnatal outcome. 21 cases were excluded (no baby notes /deaths /born outside Wales). Benefit of antenatal surgery performed on 4 cases with pelvic aspirations and pigtail catheter insertion proved unfruitful as three resulted in single functioning kidney and one had persisting hydronephrosis. Significant discrepancy in antenatal and postnatal scan results was noted (22/40) leading to a different postnatal diagnosis. Urogenital obstruction (12/40), vesico ureteric reflux (7/40), ureterocele (5/40) and duplex kidneys (4/40) were common. Surgical interventions was performed in 21/40 cases and included puncture or excision of ureteroceles, ureteric reimplantation, heminephrectomy and treatment of obstruction. Urinary tract infections (15/40) were often recurrent despite oral prophylactic antibiotic. Overall, 13/40 cases had a single functioning kidney. High association with other congenital anomalies such as imperforate anus, cardiac problems, Turner Syndrome, VACTERL association, cerebral and lumbo- sacral abnormalities were seen. Conclusion Unilateral severe antenatal hydronephrosis of more than 14 mm with or without hydroureter is associated with congenital anomalies and significant pathology leading to surgery, UTI or non-functioning kidney. Foetal interventions did not improve outcome. Diagnosis may be inaccurate with discrepancy in antenatal and postnatal scan results. These cases warrant careful postnatal examination and further investigations. This information could be used in prenatal counselling and to plan postnatal management with an aim to minimise complications.