Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) plants become infected with over 30 RNA or DNA viruses in different parts of the world but little is known about viruses infecting sweetpotato crops in Central America, the center of sweetpotato domestication. Small-RNA deep-sequencing (SRDS) analysis was used to detect viruses in sweetpotato in Honduras and Guatemala, which detected Sweet potato feathery mottle virus strain RC and Sweet potato virus C (Potyvirus spp.), Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus strain WA (SPCSV-WA; Crinivirus sp.), Sweet potato leaf curl Georgia virus (Begomovirus sp.), and Sweet potato pakakuy virus strain B (synonym: Sweet potato badnavirus B). Results were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of the amplicons. Four viruses were detected in a sweetpotato sample from the Galapagos Islands. Serological assays available to two of the five viruses gave results consistent with those obtained by SRDS, and were negative for six additional sweetpotato viruses tested. Plants coinfected with SPCSV-WA and one to two other viruses displayed severe foliar symptoms of epinasty and leaf malformation, purpling, vein banding, or chlorosis. The results suggest that SRDS is suitable for use as a universal, robust, and reliable method for detection of plant viruses, and especially useful for determining virus infections in crops infected with a wide range of unrelated viruses.

A gender difference exists in the ability to cope with caregiver responsibilities related to nutrition. A need exists for tailored nutritional guidance among older individuals and especially among male caregivers.

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A gender difference exists in the ability to cope with caregiver responsibilities related to nutrition. A need exists for tailored nutritional guidance among older individuals and especially among male caregivers.

The aim of this study was to explore and describe older twins' experiences of their marriages in relation to the co-twin relationship. Material and Methods:The material consisted of 34 life story interviews with older twins (70+), representing various experiences of twinship and marriage. The data was analysed with qualitative latent content analysis.Results: Phases of marriage describe the time of Courtship -partners were chosen based on infatuation. Most were non-related, but some were relatives or friends. Twinship and quality of married life showed that marriages were either disharmonious or harmonious. The most common cause of conflicts was spouses not getting along, second common cause to conflicts was the twin relationship itself. In the harmonious marriages, the spouses were sympathetic and accepting of the twin relationship. In later life 14 of 34 were widowed and 7 of 34 had gone through a divorce. The most common cause of divorce was an unfaithful spouse, rather than the close relationship with the co-twin. In difficult times the twin relationship served as a source of comfort and support. Conclusions:The most harmonious marriages were with spouses related to one another. In this way the twins could keep both the twin relationship and have a marriage. Since twins often regard each other as attachment figures, the combination of twinship and marriage seem to be a challenge for the spouse to be most of all.