Fall armyworm is an important pest of maize crop and native of America. Fall armyworm distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of many countries in the World. Eggs, larva, pupae & adults are the 4 stages of life -cycle. Eggs are covered with grey -pink colour layer. Larvae are 35-90mm long in size. The size of male & female pupae are 1.3 to 1.5 cm & 1.6 to 1.7 cm. grey, light brown & silver colour wings are observed in fall armyworm. The larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda larvae feed by scrapping green tissue of leaves & grown up larvae feed large amount of leaf tissues. Window pane like damage should be observed on leaves area. Fall armyworm affects on leaf corn and all sweet tissue part of the maize crop. Deep ploughing before onset of rains & wide sowing practices is best cultural practices for the management of all armyworm. Using of sex pheromone traps @2traps/acre at the time of sowing & hand picking and squashing of eggs are also found effective to control fall armyworm. Spraying of azadirachtin 1 Ec @2ml/liters of water, Emmamectin benzoate 5 SG @0.5g/liters of water, Chlorpyriphos 50% + Cypermetharin 5% Ec. @2ml/liters of water, lambada-Cyhalothrin 5% EC. @2ml/liters of water should be found effective chemical control on armyworm.

Chemical fertilizers are more commonly used for crop production nowadays, which has a negative impact on soil and environmental quality. The rising use of chemical inputs in agricultural production systems harmed the sustainability of agricultural crop production systems, raised cultivation costs, and reduced partial factor productivity, making preserving global food security and environmental quality a difficult task. Increasing usage of commercial agrochemicals over the previous century led in bioaccumulation of various pollutants in agricultural soils and surrounding water bodies. Various scientists have observed that the constant and indiscriminate use of primary nutrients (N, P, and K) has resulted in numerous micro and secondary nutrient shortage as well as a negative impact on soil health. Microorganisms can play a variety of roles in organic farming's long-term sustainability. According to the literature, using nitrogenous fertilizers under certain meteorological conditions might result in the release of nitrous oxide (N2O), which contribute to the greenhouse effect and causes environmental imbalances. As a result, biofertilizers microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and algae have been proposed as potential solutions for large-scale agricultural practices that are not only ecological, ecofriendly, and cost-effective, but also sustain soil structure and biodiversity. Microbes as biofertilizers are being investigated as an alternative to chemical fertilizers in the agricultural industry because of their vast potential for improving crop yield and food safety.

The weed is a plant that grows where it is undesired or in its place. Weeds are unwanted plants that are not known to be economically important. Weeds are plants that are unwanted in a given situation and may be dangerous, harmful or economically detrimental. Weeds have serious problems when it comes to agricultural production. It is estimated that weeds generally cause a 25% loss of agricultural production in the least developed countries, a 10% loss in the least developed countries and a 5% loss in most developed countries. Weeds loses are depend upon location, crop and types of soil. The study found that potential yield losses were significant for soybeans (50-76%) and peanuts (45-71%). Largest variability in potential yield losses were observed among locations in case of direct seeded rice (15-66%) & maize (18-65%). In similar cases weeds are reduced 66% yield of Chilly and the loss of N through weeds is about 150 kg per ha. Weeds losses alone in 10 major crops of India viz transplanted rice (13.8%), wheat (18.6%), direct-seeded rice (21.4%), mustard (21.4%), sesame (23.7%), sorghum (25.1%), maize (25.3%), Pearlmillet (27.6%), Greengram (30.8%), soybean (31.4%) and groundnut (35.8%). Weed control practices are extremely important to Indian agricultural production. Many more tools and practices are adopted for crop protection q like crop species, crop variety/cultivars, sowing of crop (time, rate of sowing, row spacing and method), crop rotation, trap and catch crops, cropping practice, irrigation time & method are suitable practices under cultural/ecological measures of weed management. Cropping practices are also known as environmentally responsible weed management practices. Environmentally sound weed management methods are chemical-free and weed management tools-free.

Vermicomposting is a method of composting by using earthworms, in this process earthworms eat biodegradable wastes (Such as vegetables and fruits peels), and they break down these natural materials into organic fertilizer. Vermicompost is generally used for organic farming and also maintains the health of the soil. The amount of Nitrogen is more as compared to Phosphorus and Potash in vermicompost. Vermicompost doesn’t harmful to the soil and also helps in increasing the nutrient content of the soil. The life of earthworms is 4 - 8 years depending upon the species. The nutrients contents like Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potash, Calcium, Magnesium, Iron, Manganese, and Zinc are found in vermicompost. Endozoic earthworms are found in a deep layer of soil and they eat 90 % soil and 10 % organic matter. Epizoic earthworms are found on the surface ofthe soil and they eat 10 % soil and 90 % organic matter. Epizoic earthworms are famous for vermicomposting because they produce more vermicompost as compared to Endozoic earthworms. The weight of earthworms is between 0.5 to 0.6 g. one kg earthworm produces 0.8-7 kg vermicompost per day.