<p>ABSTRACT</p><p>Helopeltis antonii is one of the major pests in most cashew growingareas in Indonesia. The pest attacks cashew plants in the nursery and alsoin the fields which caused significant damage. Apart of cashew the insectshave a lot of alternate host plants such as tea, cocoa, neem, pepper,mangoes, jamboes, etc. This research was aimed at investigating thedispersion pattern of H. antonii in cashew plantation. The research wasconducted in smallholder cashew plantation in Ngadirejo, Wonogiri,Indonesia from March 2004 to May 2006. The observation of H. antoniipopulation was carried out on 60 sample plants which selectedsystematically in about 2 ha cashew plantation area every two weeks.Distribution analysis using various indices of dispersion and regressionmodels was applied to evaluate the dispersion of H. antonii in cashewplantation. The result shows that variance to mean ratio (s 2 / x ), χ2, Lloydmean crowding, Green’s coefficient of dispersion and Taylor’s power lawindicate aggregated distribution when the population is high duringflushing-flowering seasons of cashew plants, and it indicates regular orrandom distribution when the population is low during post-floweringseasons. The aggregated distribution on cashew plants indicated that thereis a preferency to food sources of the plants and an individual behaviour toaggregate. Therefore, sampling and monitoring H. antonii in cashewplantation should be carried out systematically during flushing-floweringseasonsKey words: Cashew,  Anacardium  occidentale,  pest  management,Helopeltis antonii, dispersion, Central Java</p><p>ABSTRAK</p><p>Pola sebaran Helopeltis antonii Signoret (Hemiptera:Miridae) pada pertanaman jambu meteHelopeltis antonii merupakan salah satu hama utama tanamanjambu mete yang ditemukan hampir di setiap area pengembangan mete diIndonesia. Hama ini menyerang tanaman jambu mete sejak pembibitanhingga di lapangan dengan kerusakan yang cukup signifikan. Selain jambumete, serangga ini juga mempunyai banyak inang alternatif antara lain teh,kakao, mimba, lada,mangga, jambu air dll. Penelitian ini bertujuan untukmenentukan sebaran serangga tersebut, khususnya sebaran horizontal padapertanaman jambu mete. Penelitian dilakukan di pertanaman jambu metemilik petani di daerah Ngadirejo, Wonogiri, Indonesia dari Maret 2004sampai Mei 2006. Pengamatan populasi H. antonii dilakukan pada 60tanaman sampel yang dipilih secara sistematik pada area pertanamanjambu mete seluas kurang lebih 2 ha setiap 2 minggu sekali. Hasil analisismenggunakan beberapa indek pengelompokan dan model regresi yaiturasio keragaman terhadap rata-rata (s 2 / x ), χ2,rata-rata pengelompokandari Lloyd, koefisien sebaran dari Green dan hukum kekuatan Taylormenunjukkan penyebaran yang mengelompok jika populasi tinggi selamamusim pembentukan tunas dan pembungaan jambu mete, dan merata atauacak jika populasi rendah sesudah musim pembungaan. Pengelompokan H.antonii pada tanaman jambu mete menunjukkan adanya ketertarikan padaketersediaan makanan pada tanaman jambu mete dan perilaku individuserangga tersebut. Oleh karena itu untuk pengambilan sampel danpengamatan serangga tersebut sebaiknya dilakukan secara sistematis padasaat musim pembentukan tunas dan pembungaan.Kata kunci: Jambu mete, Anacardium occidentale, pengendalian hama,Helopeltis antonii, sebaran, Jawa Tengah</p>

The problem in the development of Kissing gourami fish culture was quality seeds that cannot be available continuously. Purpose of this research was to examine the need for additional enrichment materials in feed that can optimize the process of gonad maturation of Kissing gourami fish. Treatment A=Commercial feed added with Vegetable Oil, Glutathione, and Egg White; B=Commercial feed added with Vegetable Oil, Vitamin E 300 mg/Kg, Glutathione, and Egg White; C=Commercial feed added with Vegetable Oil, Vitamin E 500 mg/Kg, Glutathione, and Egg White. and D=Commercial feed added with Vegetable Oil, Vitamin E 700 mg/Kg, Glutathione, and Egg White. The results showed that all treatments with the addition of glutathione and vitamin E fortifications with levels of 300 mg-700 mg gave the effect of increasing IGS, IHS, higher fecundity and larger egg diameter than treatment A. The amount of initial IGS increase in treatment A was 33.49%, treatment B was 172.52%, treatment C was 208.60% and treatment D was 691.20%. While the IHS value at the end of the study decreased in treatment A by 35.30% and treatment C which also experienced a decrease in IHS by 26.23%. While in treatments B and D there was a not too large increase, in the range of 42.56% (B) and 5.66% (D).

Microbial respiration in peatlands plays a role in contributing CO emissions. Studies of microbial exploration 2 and respiration on peat soils in oil palm plantations have not been widely reported. This study was aimed to explore lignocellulolytic microbes found in peat soils (planted with 12-year-old oil palm, and fern vegetation peat), and compared with that found in mineral soils. Exploration was done by growing the samples on specific medium for each group of microbial functions. Respiration activity of the obtained culture was then analyzed based on the oxidation of peroxidase catalysis using a chromogen substrate (tetramethylbenzidine) and measured using spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 450 nm. The results showed that both in mineral (MS) and peat 2 planted with oil palm (GS) in a depths of 0-20 cm, lignolytic fungi were found with a population of 17 x 10 . Similar results were also found in peatland with fern vegetation (GNS) but at a depth of 20-40 cm. Lignolytic bacteria (related to methylene blue degradation) can be found on peat soils planted with oil palm at a depth of 0-60 cm and the population increases with increasing depth. This lignolytic bacteria was also found on peat soils with fern vegetation and mineral soils planted with oil palm. At a depth of 0-20 cm the population of lignolytic bacteria in non-oil palm peat is highest. Cellulolytic bacteria were isolated at a depth of 0-60 cm. Cellulolytic bacterial populations were highest in oil palm peat at all depths compared to other samples. Respiration analysis of several dominant isolates showed fairly high variation between microbial function groups and within the same function group. The lignolytic microbial group degrading methylene blue showed high respiration activity and varies greatly (0.19-1.85 MER). While the respiration activity of cellulolytic bacteria ranged from 0.45 to 0.62 MER.