N-CDs were prepared with a high fluorescence quantum yield of 35.08%. N-CDs have been employed to detect metronidazole in commercial metronidazole tablets. N-CDs exhibited quick response time, high selectivity and sensitivity, and low cytotoxicity.

Introduction: The purpose of the present work was to evaluate the imaging characteristics of 89Zr-PET in comparison with those obtained using fluorine-18 Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) PET (a gold standard tracer in PET imaging) using a small-animal NanoScan PET/CT scanner. Methods: The system’s spatial resolution, sensitivity, uniformity, and image quality were measured on a Nano Scan small-animal PET/CT scanner according to the NEMA NU4-2008 protocols. For reconstruction images, we used 2D and 3D reconstruction algorithms. The reconstruction methods included filter back projection (FBP), the ordered subsets expectation maximization (OSEM) algorithm, and the 3D Tera-Tomo algorithm, which are developed for the NanoScan small-animal PET/CT scanner. Results: The results obtained showed a significant difference in the spatial resolution for 89Zr as compared to 22Na and 18F when using a 2D reconstruction algorithm. Where the spatial resolution values were much enhanced by using the 3D Tera-Tomo reconstruction for each isotope, the Full width at half maximum (FWHM) values were less than 1 for all isotopes at the center of the field of view (FOV). This difference in spatial resolution is dependent on the positron range, energy and the reconstruction method. Conclusion: The long half-life of 89Zr makes it an ideal positron emitter for performing immuno-PET, which is matched with the biological half-life of intact mAbs. 89Zr can also give several advantages over other long half-life positron emitters in relation to the overall imaging performance because of its relatively short positron range and simpler decay scheme. The values of 89Zr sensitivity that were obtained in the present study were less than those of previous studies.

In this study, we measured imaging characteristics of Zr on a Gemini TOF PET/CT scanner. Our results show that Zr has lower spatial resolution and noise-equivalent count rate with increased SF and background variation; however, it offered superior sensitivity and improved image contrast in comparison with F-FDG. Zr is an ideal radiotracer for immuno-PET imaging because of its physical half-life, which is well matched with mAbs, in addition to its affinity to be trapped inside the target cell after internalization of the mAbs.