BACKGROUND Serious concerns surround the potential risks resulting from inhalation exposure to pesticides amongst agricultural workers when mixing and applying these compounds. In Eswatini (formerly known as Swaziland), Southern Africa, pesticides are widely used to improve the yield and quality of sugar cane production, the largest contributor to the country's economy. We assessed applicators' inhalation exposures from multiple spraying sources to four commonly used herbicides in Eswatini. RESULTS Analysis of 76 personal air samples by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) revealed four pesticides: ametryn, atrazine, pendimethalin and 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, with mean concentrations of 36.91, 21.57, 31.05 and 0.89 μg m–3, respectively. These inhalation exposures are much higher than those recorded in previous similar studies. CONCLUSION Although all applicators in this study used personal protective equipment (PPE), they nevertheless recorded high levels of inhalation exposure to commonly used pesticides. Our findings suggest that in addition to observing mandated regular changing and cleaning practices with PPE for ultimate personal protection, pesticide applicators should distance themselves from each other when spraying to effectively reduce their exposure to pesticides from multiple spraying sources. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal spraying distance between pesticide applicators. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Agricultural production is a critical economic activity in many African countries, where pesticides are used extensively to improve crop yield and quality. Potential health effects resulting from indoor exposure to agricultural pesticides are very concerning and children are particularly vulnerable. This case study examined indoor exposure to and risks from agricultural pesticides. Indoor air samples were collected on spraying days from households of 15 pesticide applicators and 12 non-applicators in communities close to (~200 m) and surrounded by sugarcane fields in Eswatini (formerly Swaziland), Southern Africa. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis of samples revealed mean concentrations of 0.75, 0.32, 0.57 and 0.004 µg m -3 for ametryn, atrazine, pendimethalin and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), respectively, in the applicator households