Two leading Islamic organisations in Indonesia, Muhammadiyah and Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) have moderation in their missionary vision to create a tolerant, open, and civilised society. This paper explores the challenges of realising Islamic moderation in Indonesia, especially those driven by Muhammadiyah and NU. The data used as the basis for the analysis were obtained from interviews and document studies. The challenge of Islamic moderation initiated by these two organisations is the rise of conservative groups, which have received vast space from the data obtained. This paper emphasised that the rise of conservative groups has resulted in weak respect for other groups. There is even a tendency to resist Islamic groups outside their group. This paper is limited to the internal challenges to Islamic moderation in Indonesia carried out by Muhammadiyah and NU, particularly related to the rise of conservative Islamic groups. Therefore, this paper suggests conducting various studies to provide a basic framework for jointly building a commitment to implement Islamic moderation in Indonesia by looking at other civil society organisations.

Arabization is not always identically carried out by immigrants of Arab descent, but non-Arab communities can carry out the Arabization process. This study aims to explain the Arabization process by the Jamaah Tabligh (JT) group by establishing the Kampung Madinah of Temboro Village. This study relies on collecting qualitative data through observation, interviews, and literature study with descriptive analysis. The findings show that the existence of JT in Temboro Village has resulted in a shift in community culture from secular to religious. The role of the JT leadership became an emerging factor in the Arabization process in the formation of a religious society. Likewise, JT's persuasive approach through education and religious activities facilitates public acceptance. The naming of Kampung Madinah in Temboro is driven by various Arabic symbols used, e.g., daily conversations, activities, and clothes. The existence of JT succeeds in constructing Temboro people's habits into “Islamic habits.” This study is limited to Kampung Madinah in Temboro as a research focus; therefore, it is recommended for further researchers to conduct comparative studies on the Arabization process.