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Fruit ripening is a complex phenomenon involving a series of biochemical, physiological and organoleptic changes. Ripening process in mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) is unique of which the fruit will only ripen properly if harvested during its middle stage (emergence of purple/pink colour) but not earlier (green stage). The knowledge on the molecular mechanism and regulation behind this phenomenon is still limited. Hence, electrospray ionization liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (ESI-LC-MS) based metabolomics analysis was applied to determine the metabolome of mangosteen ripening. Specifically, mangosteen pericarp, aril and seed were collected at four different ripening stages (stage 0: green, stage 2: yellowish with pink patches, stage 4: brownish red and stage 6: dark purple) and subjected to metabolite profiling analysis. The data provided in this article have been deposited to the EMBL-EBI MetaboLights database (DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks1004. PubMed PMID: 23109552) with the identifier MTBLS595. The complete dataset can be accessed here https://www.ebi.ac.uk/metabolights/MTBLS595.

Garcinia mangostana Linn. (mangosteen) reportedly contains several bioactive metabolites which have been used in various traditional disease treatment, nutritional supplement and skincare products. However, reports detailing its characterization and metabolite content are still scarce. Most of the earlier reports only focused on the extraction of specific metabolites such as xanthones and anthocyanins, rather than a comprehensive metabolome profile. In this study, global metabolomics approach using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was conducted to profile the metabolite content of mangosteen fruit pericarp harvested at the final stage of ripening (dark purple stage). Five different extraction methods, which vary in their solvent mixtures, solvent ratios, with or without sonication were compared, aimed to maximize metabolite detection from the mangosteen tissue. The results showed that the method using a combined solvent mixture of methanol/chloroform/water (3:1:1 v/v ratio) with sonication has consistent reproducibility amongst biological replicates and successfully yielded the highest number of metabolites compared to the other methods. By combining the results of different extraction methods, we tentatively identified a total of 73 metabolites comprising of sugars (49.32%), alcohols (9.59%), sugar acids (8.22%), organic acids (6.85%), phenolic acids (5.48%), aromatic compounds (2.74%) and aldehyde (1.37%). This finding provides an overview of the metabolite content of mangosteen pericarp and comprehensive assessment of extraction methods for an untargeted metabolomics approach of this beneficial fruit.