INTRODUCTION Chest physiotherapy (CPT) may benefit children aged below five years who suffer from lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI). However, its effects depend on the technique used. This study aimed to determine whether mechanical CPT using the LEGA-Kid® mechanical percussion device is superior to manual CPT in children with LRTI. METHODS Children aged five months to five years who were admitted and referred for CPT from January to April 2017 were randomised to either manual CPT or mechanical CPT with LEGA-Kid. Outcomes measured before intervention and two hours after intervention were respiratory rate (RR), oxygen saturation and modified Respiratory Distress Assessment Instrument (mRDAI) score. RESULTS All 30 enrolled patients showed significant reduction in post-intervention RR and mRDAI scores. There was an 8% reduction in RR for the manual CPT group (p = 0.002) and a 16.5% reduction in the mechanical CPT group (p = 0.0001), with a significantly greater reduction in the latter (p = 0.024). mRDAI scores decreased by 2.96 in the manual group (p = 0.0001) and 3.62 in the mechanical group (p = 0.002), with no significant difference between the groups. There was no significant improvement in oxygen saturation, and no adverse events were observed after CPT. CONCLUSION Children receiving both manual and mechanical CPT showed improvements in respiratory distress symptoms, with no adverse effects. A combined strategy of nebulised hypertonic saline followed by CPT for LRTI removes airway secretions and results in improvements in moderately severe respiratory distress. The LEGA-Kid mechanical CPT method is superior to manual CPT in reducing the RR.

The purpose of this study is to develop and obtain the content validity and reliability of the Higher-Order Thinking Skills Peer Appraisal Inventory based on the Bloom Taxonomy Model reviewed by Anderson and Krathwohl (2001) which was modified in line with the Ministry of Education requirement. Based on the model, there are two divisions namely Lower-Order Thinking Skills (LOTS) and Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) which consist of six (6) sub-scales namely remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating and creating. A total of nine (9) panel of experts with knowledge, skills and practice of HOTS were involved in validating the HOTS-PA. Overall, the experts agreed that the items of HOTS-PA can measure higher-order thinking studies. The expert panel gave the overall content value of HOTS-PA of 0.876 (87.56%). The reliability value was obtained from 40 secondary school students. Overall, the reliability analysis for the HOTS-PA inventory shows a high Cronbach Alpha 's coefficient value of .927. This suggests that HOTS-PA have good reliability and proven that HOTS-PA is suitable to be used to know the level of Higher-Order Thinking Skills among high school students aged 16 to 19 years old. Overall, 30 items have high reliability value and these items are developed at a good and

Pre-marital pregnancy, fornication, and free mixing between different genders are among the problems faced by Muslim youth nowadays. This paper aims to discuss the personality preparation guidelines in facing sexual activities based on the Story of Prophet Yusuf in al-Qur’an al-Karim as well as selected prophet’s narration in Hadith. The descriptive analysis shows that Qur’an and selected Hadith prepare four dimensions of guidelines which are: spiritual strength, mental strength, emotional strength as well as physical strength. The findings reveal that in terms of spirituality aspect, Muslim youth should be fully conscious of the existence of Allah and think of the bounty divine given by Allah. In terms of mental strength, Muslim youth must have positive thinking and consider the long term effects in this world and next before engaging themselves in the negative activities. Pertaining to emotional strength, Muslim youth should control their anger, and pertaining to physical strength, they need to keep their body healthy. Keywords: Hadith, Muslim youth, personality, prophet Yusuf, sexual issues.Cite as: Ahmad, S.H., Ali, N.B., & Ramli, A. (2017). Preparation of Muslim youth in facing sexual issues in the light of al-Qur’an & selected hadith. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 2(1), 122-133.