Particle synthesis has seen significant advances in current trends. However, the synthesis of metal particles without oxidation is a challenge for researchers. The current study presents a straightforward, convenient, and convincing approach for manufacturing copper (Cu) particles free of surface oxide. The die-sink Electrical Discharge Machine (EDM) of copper alloys with oleic acid resulted in the formation of Cu particles with diameters between 10 to 20 µm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used for particle examination after cleaning and sonication with distilled water. Cu particles with oleic acid coating retained a Cu phase without oxidation after synthesis. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to determine the size and morphology of generated particles. Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR) analysis revealed the oleic acid-coated Cu surface bonded with an oxygen atom. Also, the agglomeration and change of size involving Cu particles with increasing voltages in the pulse supply in EDM were reported.

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This paper reviewed the crashworthiness of foam-filled thin-walled structure subjected to oblique loading conditions. Crashworthiness is the most important part in designing a safety vehicle, so, the types of collisions, crashworthiness parameter and the modes of collapse of structural components are included in this part. Secondly, the energy absorber regarding the axial loading and oblique loading in terms of geometry parameters and materials of the previous research is reviewed. In addition, the manufacturing and properties of aluminium foams with the collapse behavior of foam-filled structures are studied to understand the performance and the relation under loading.