Highlights• 60% of the sampled animals were infested with at least one species of the ectoparasites.• Lice and ticks were the most prevalent ectoparasites on small ruminant, which were 43.64% and 22.98% respectively.• The prevalence of ectoparasites on small ruminant is significantly higher at inland region.Abstract: Kelantan is a chiefly agrarian state with abundant small-holder ruminant farms in the East Coast economic Region of Malaysia. Ectoparasitism affects small ruminant production in Malaysia. It often causes reduction in meat quality and milk production which affect the farmers' income. To date, no report for the prevalence of ectoparasitism on small ruminant in Kelantan compared to other state in Malaysia. This study aims to determine the prevalence and associated risk factor of ruminant ectoparasitism in Kelantan. Ectoparasites were collected by manual picking and skin scrapping from 462 sheep and goats in Kelantan between April and September 2017 (during dry season). 60% of the sampled animals were infested with at least one species of the ectoparasites. In this study, lice and ticks were the most prevalent ectoparasites on small ruminant, which were 43.64% and 22.98%, respectively. The high biotic potential of lice population on host might be one of the factors they become the most prevalent species found on the animals. There was no significant relationship between ectoparasitism prevalence and species of small ruminants (χ 2 = 1.12, p = 0.293). However, there was significant variations in prevalence between the regions where the animals were sampled from (χ 2 = 30.25, p = 0.002) and farm management system for both species. This present study provides baseline epidemiological data on the prevalence of ectoparasitism in small ruminant. This information is useful for the formulation of prevention and control measures in order to enhance ruminant productivity in Kelantan.Abstrak: Kelantan adalah negeri agraria di kawasan ekonomi Pantai Timur Malaysia dengan kebanyakan penternak mempunyai ladang ruminan yang kecil. Ektoparasit menjejaskan pengeluaran ruminan kecil di Malaysia. Ia menyebabkan penghasilan kualiti daging yang rendah dan kurang penghasilan susu yang menjejaskan sumber pendapatan penternak. Buat masa ini, tiada laporan mengenai prevalens ektoparasitisme pada ruminan kecil di Kelantan jika dibandingkan dengan negeri-negeri lain di Malaysia. Kajian ini bertujuan

This is the first case report highlighting the application of an in-house autogenous vaccine for the treatment of bovine cutaneous papillomatosis Type 2 in a Jersey crossbred cow in Malaysia. A sample of papilloma growth was excised, homogenised, treated using 0.5% (v/v) formalin and performed microbiological examinations for sterility check. The solution was then administered subcutaneously to the cattle at seven days interval for four weeks. The papilloma growth on the affected cattle regressed rapidly following treatment, and there were no undesirable side effects and recurrences observed. The use of autogenous vaccine as an alternative treatment for bovine papillomatosis is preferred over surgical excision as it is proven effective, safe, and low chances of recurrence.

Brucella melitensis is a zoonotic pathogen affecting a wide range of hosts with economic significance in the animal industry worldwide. The disease is characterized by abortion, still birth, reduced milk production, weak foetus and infertility mainly in small ruminant populations. There is a wide distribution of the disease among domesticated species and the trends of the disease in goats have not yet been described in Penang state, Malaysia. In this study we describe the distribution, pattern and trend of B. melitensis in Penang state based on serological data obtained from nationwide B. melitensis serosurveillance activities in goat populations. A total of 13,724 goats were sampled within the period of study (2012)(2013)(2014), of which 3.4% (95% CI; 3.35-3.45) goats tested positive for B. melitensis infection. The district of Seberang Perai Utara had the highest animal seroprevalence of 95.5% (95% CI; 94.2-96.8). The seroprevalence varied over type of the breeds and the period of study and generally increased in 2014. Seropositive animals clustered around Boer and Katjang breeds with the prevalence of 54% (95% CI; 51.8-56.2) and 38% (95% CI; 35.8-40.2), respectively. The months of March, August and September, illustrated the highest seroprevalences of 44 (95% CI; 13% (95% CI;.2) and 14% (95% CI; 11.3-16.7), respectively. A noticeable variation was observed in annual-level economic loses, but the seroprevalence remained significantly high in 2014 (>80%). Considering the lack of information on the epidemiology of caprine brucellosis in peninsular Malaysia, this report could contribute to the ongoing area-wise national brucellosis eradication program.

A tresia ani is defined as a rare congenital deformity of the anus and rectum, which occasionally occurs in new-born animals. Although the condition is found in animals worldwide, atresia ani is rarely encountered in Malaysian livestock, possibly underreported. There are four types of atresia ani have been identified which are characterised by anal stenosis (Type I), imperforated anus with blind rectal pouch (Type II), or combined with more cranial termination of the rectum as blind pouch (Type III), and lastly, the discontinuation of the proximal rectum with the normal and terminal rectum (Type IV) (Vianna and Tobias, 2005). Atresia ani occurs as a result of incomplete development of urorectal fold to separate the cloaca of the hindgut or failure of the anal membrane to form an anal canal during embryonic development (Papazoglou & Ellison, 2012). The condition can occur in various animal species and most commonly reported in ruminants (Dennis & Leipold, 1972; Kiliç & Sarierler, 2004). Although atresia ani is a heritable condition, male animals are more affected than females, with higher prevalence being reported in the indigenous breed (72%) compared to crossbred (28%) in a previous study (Hossain et al., 2014). The diagnosis is based on the age, history, and physical examination of the perineal region, including digital palpation if the anal opening is present (Sutar et al., 2010) and accompanied by radiography for confirmation (Papazoglou & Ellison, 2012). Atresia ani can be corrected via surgical intervention, which is the goal treatment with variable prognosis (Kiliç & Sarierler, 2004). This case report highlights a case of atresia ani in a 3-day old lamb, which successfully treated via anal surgical reconstruction. Case DetailsA 3-day-old male Malin lamb was presented to the Veterinary Clinic of University Malaysia Kelantan, with the complaint of the absence of anal opening, no defecation, and distended abdomen, which were noticed after birth. General physical examination on the lamb exhibited nor-

P neumonia is a common respiratory condition in the tropical region and has been the major contributor to economic losses after diarrhea in small ruminant industries (Dohare et al., 2013). Mannheimia sp. is among the common causative agents contributing to the high prevalence of Mannheimiosis in small ruminants (Chung et al., 2015). These opportunistic pathogens produce diseases when the animal is immunocompromised (Rice et al., 2007). They often disrupt the innate mucosal defense mechanism and research Article Abstract | Mannheimiosis is one of the common causes of pneumonia caused by Mannheimia haemolytica. Evaluation of the hematological and serum biochemistry changes is critical to determine the effectiveness of the treatment approach in reducing the severity of infection. Healthy goats (n=20) were equally divided into 5 groups: Mannheimia haemolytica 10 7 concentration was inoculated intranasally to all goats except goats of Group 1 which served as the negative control, Group 2 was the positive control, Group 3 goats treated with oxytetracycline, Group 4 goats were treated with flunixin meglumine, and group 5 received both oxytetracycline and flunixin meglumine treatments. Blood samples were collected at 24 hours, days 5, 7, 9, 11, 14, 21, and 28 post-inoculation for the clinical pathology evaluation through complete blood count and serum biochemistry evaluation. Results showed that post-infection resulted mild fluctuation of the red blood cell parameters in the goats with a decrease in the total white blood cell count (p<0.05). The serum biochemistry shows the total protein, albumin and globulin are within the range with mild increment in creatine kinase, blood urea nitrogen, and gamma glutaryl transferase however there were increased lactate dehydrogenase levels post-infection with Mannheimia haemolytica (p<0.05). In conclusion, oxytetracycline and flunixin meglumine treatments does not have a great influence on the parameters evaluated in goats experimentally induced with Mannheimia haemolytica pneumonia.