Abstrak: Zona intertidal merupakan daerah pantai yang terletak antara pasang tertinggi dan surut terendah. Salah satu ekosistem yang terdapat di kawasan intertidal adalah ekosistem terumbu karang. Terumbu karang merupakan salah satu ekosistem laut yang menjadi sumber kehidupan bagi berbagai biota laut sehingga keberadaannya sangat penting, baik dari segi ekologis maupun ekonomis. Pantai Mandalika memiliki ekosistem terumbu karang dengan zona intertidal yang cukup luas. Pesatnya perkembangan wisata di Pantai Mandalika secara tidak langsung akan mempengaruhi kehidupan terumbu karang. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menyediakan data dan informasi terkini mengenai kondisi keanekaragaman karang keras di zona intertidal Pantai Mandalika yang mencakup komposisi spesies, famili dan bentuk pertumbuhan, serta indeks ekologi (indeks keanekaragaman, keseragaman dan dominansi spesies). Pengambilan data dilakukan pada bulan Juni 2019 selama periode surut terendah di kawasan intertidal. Metode yang digunakan yaitu metode Underwater Photo Transect (UPT). Hasil penelitian ini menemukan 30 spesies karang keras yang termasuk dalam 8 famili di zona intertidal Pantai Mandalika. Favites paraflexuosa adalah spesies yang paling banyak ditemukan di daerah tersebut dengan persentase 22%. Famili Faviidae (79%) memiliki persentase terbesar di semua transek. Ada 5 jenis bentuk pertumbuhan karang keras di daerah yang 87% di antaranya adalah bentuk karang masif. Nilai indeks keanekaragaman Shannon-Wiener adalah 2,5 dengan indeks keseragaman 0,8, dan indeks dominansi 0,1.Kata kunci: komunitas, terumbu karang, zona intertidal, keanekaragaman, Pantai Mandalika. Abstract:The intertidal zone is a coastal area located between the highest and lowest tides. One of the ecosystems in the intertidal area is the coral reef ecosystem. The coral reef is one of the marine ecosystems which is a source of life for various marine biota so that its existence is very important, both in ecological and economic terms. Mandalika Beach has a coral reef ecosystem with a fairly extensive intertidal zone. The rapid development of tourism in Mandalika Beach will indirectly affect the life of coral reefs. This research to provide data for the existing condition of hard corals diversity in the area for better understanding of future research. This research covers the species, family and life form composition, and ecologycal indices (diversity, species equitability, and dominance indices). The research was conducted on June 2019 during the lowest tide period and carried out with a Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) method. The results revealed that Mandalika's Intertidal Zone had 30 species of hard corals that belongs to 8 families. Favites paraflexuosa was the most abundant coral in the area with 22% of community composition. The Faviidae family (79%) had the largest percentage in all transects. There were 5 type life forms of hard corals in the area which 92% of them were coral massive type. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index score was 2.5 with equitability index 0.8, and dom...

Serious concerns on the rights of Afghanistan’s women and girls have been raised ever since the Taliban returned to power on 15th August   2021. This paper uses a normative methodology to investigate the discrepancy of legal argument in the international law of succession in terms of status of Taliban within the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) framework. This paper confirmed that the Taliban is the de facto government of Afghanistan as the Taliban have effective and integrated control over a state territory and there is no competing entity with a solid constitutional claim. Therefore, the Taliban is bound by international law to guarantee that women enjoy equal educational rights, including access to school and curriculum.  However, the current framework of CEDAW, including the CEDAW committee has not be able to cope with such issues, as it should be reformed in the next future.

This study examines the Implementation of the Nationalist Party and Islamic Party Coalition in the 2020 Labuhanbatu Regency Election, then the considerations made by the Nationalist Party and Islamic Party to Choose a Coalition in the Labuhanbatu Regency Election 2020. This research is a field study research with a qualitative approach, Data sources The primary ones are: the Prosperous Justice Party, the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle, the Hanura Party, the National Awakening Party and the KPU in the election of regional head candidates in Labuhanbatu Regency in 2020 and also the winning team for the pair H. Erik Atrada and Ellya Rosa. Secondary data sources are books and documents, observation data collection techniques, interviews and documentation, data analysis techniques using qualitative descriptive. The results of this study indicate that the formation of the coalition that was built between the Nationalist Party and the Islamic Party was not based on ideological similarities but, vision, mission and background as a candidate for Regent which became the basis for forming a coalition. In addition, the support of 20% from a combination of political parties is also one of the reasons for the formation of a coalition which is a requirement for candidacy through the Coalition route. The form of this coalition is a coalition that meets the KPU's requirements with the support of 20% of the DPRD seats.