SummaryThe foraging behavior of three stingless bees, Trigona (Tetragonula) minangkabau, T. (Trigonella) moorei and T. (Heterotrigona) itama, was studied to describe patterns of resource harvest in disturbed forest areas in Sumatra, Indonesia. Average daily total number of foraging flights per colony was 1200 in T. minangkabau, 2400 in T. moorei and 7000 in T. itama and it was proportional to colony population size. Foragers collecting nectar, pollen or plant resin were respectively 70–80%, 10–20% and <10% in the three species. Pollen was collected most in the morning. Nectar collection peaked in midday in T. itama but continued almost evenly until dusk in T. minangkabau and T. moorei. Resin was collected evenly throughout day. In all the three species the volume of a nectar load carried by a returning forager did not decrease until 1600, followed by slight decline. In the morning the sugar concentration of nectar was almost constantly 30%, and in the afternoon its maximum value reached 60% although some remained 30%. As a result, the mean sugar weight in a nectar load gradually increased until dusk. In T. minangkabau, resin was collected by specialized foragers. Nectar foragers switched to collect pollen and vice versa. There were two types of foraging: “exploitatory” flights, the repitition of short, rather constant flights bringing back full resource loads, and “exploratory” flights, prolonged flight and/or reduction in amount of resources carried. Exploitatory flights followed the exploratory flights which led to discovery of rich sources. Mean duration of exploitatory flights was 7 min during nectar collection, 12 min for pollen and 23 min for resin. Sites of exploited flowers were estimated to be 84–434 m distant from the nest site. Mean duration of flights for nectar collection was 13 min in the morning and 6 min in the late afternoon.

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Research on stingless bee at several Meliponiculture (stingless beekeeping) sites in West Sumatra, including at Universitas Andalas Campus Complex, had been conducted from April to December 2019 by using direct survey and direct collection methods on stingless bee worker at their colony entrances. A total of 18 stingless bee species that belong to five genera were collected. Tetragonula was the genus with the highest in species number (8), followed by Homotrigona (5) and Lepidoptrigona (3). Meanwhile, Heterotrigona and Geniotrigona were only represented by a single species each despite their popularity among West Sumatra beekeepers. Universitas Andalas Campus Complex harbours the highest species number of stingless bee (10), followed by stingless beekeeping site in Lubuk Minturun (7). Only 2-4 stingless bee species bred elsewhere stingless beekeeping sites. We presume that the difference of species number recorded in various stingless beekeeping sites indicated the complexity of this bee species within the variety of habitats.

<p><em>This research </em><em>is intended</em><em> to determine the effect of knowledge and awareness of taxpayers on taxpayer compliance in paying Land and Building Tax (PBB) in Manggala Sub-district, Makassar City. The sample in this research is the existing taxpayer District Manggala Kota Makassar as many as 100 respondents. The techniquesampling in this research is using simple random sampling. The type of data used in this study is quantitative data in the form of scores or scores on answers given by respondents to the questions that exist in the questionnaire. Sources of data used are primary data and secondary data. Primary data obtained from direct observation, interview, questionnaire and observation while secondary data obtained by researcher in the form of data report of result of tax payment from research object. Methods of data analysis using data quality test, classical assumption test, multiple regression analysis and hypothesis test. Based on the results of research that has been done can be concluded that there is a significant positive influence between taxpayer knowledge and taxpayer awareness of taxpayer compliance in paying taxes of the earth and buildings.</em></p>