Background There is a paucity of data regarding blood culture utilization and antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) infections in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). In addition, there has been a concern for increasing AMR infections among COVID-19 cases in LMICs. Here, we investigated epidemiology of AMR bloodstream infections (BSI) before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Indonesian national referral hospital. Methods We evaluated blood culture utilization rate, and proportion and incidence rate of AMR-BSI caused by WHO-defined priority bacteria using routine hospital databases from 2019 to 2020. A patient was classified as a COVID-19 case if their SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR result was positive. The proportion of resistance was defined as the ratio of the number of patients having a positive blood culture for a WHO global priority resistant pathogen per the total number of patients having a positive blood culture for the given pathogen. Poisson regression models were used to assess changes in rate over time. Results Of 60,228 in-hospital patients, 8,175 had at least one blood culture taken (total 17,819 blood cultures), giving a blood culture utilization rate of 30.6 per 1,000 patient-days. A total of 1,311 patients were COVID-19 cases. Blood culture utilization rate had been increasing before and during the COVID-19 pandemic (both p < 0.001), and was higher among COVID-19 cases than non-COVID-19 cases (43.5 vs. 30.2 per 1,000 patient-days, p < 0.001). The most common pathogens identified were K. pneumoniae (23.3%), Acinetobacter spp. (13.9%) and E. coli (13.1%). The proportion of resistance for each bacterial pathogen was similar between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 cases (all p > 0.10). Incidence rate of hospital-origin AMR-BSI increased from 130.1 cases per 100,000 patient-days in 2019 to 165.5 in 2020 (incidence rate ratio 1.016 per month, 95%CI:1.016–1.017, p < 0.001), and was not associated with COVID-19 (p = 0.96). Conclusions In our setting, AMR-BSI incidence and etiology were similar between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 cases. Incidence rates of hospital-origin AMR-BSI increased in 2020, which was likely due to increased blood culture utilization. We recommend increasing blood culture utilization and generating AMR surveillance reports in LMICs to inform local health care providers and policy makers.

Background: Among all patients infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the older adult population was the most affected, with 80%-90% of fatalities occurring in this group. The effectiveness of convalescent plasma (CP) in older adults is considerably more restricted than that in adults, resulting in a demand for data on the efficacy of therapeutic CP in older adults. This meta-analysis of updated literature examined the effect of CP in older adults with COVID-19. Methods: Relevant literature was identified from studies indexed in the Cochrane, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases between December 2019 and April 2022. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. Risk estimates were pooled using a random-effects model. The risk of bias was assessed by regression-based Egger test using the relative risk (RR) and upper and lower confidence intervals (CIs) of the three included studies. Results: Among 377 studies identified, three full-text studies that included 1,038 patients met the inclusion criteria. The results of our meta-analysis showed that CP administration lowered the mortality risk in older adults with COVID-19 (RR=0.47; 95% CI, 0.26-0.86; p=0.01; I 2 =0%, p<0.81). CP therapy was more useful if delivered early in the course of the disease (within 72 hours of onset) and in less severe stages of the disease. Mortality tended to be lower in the high-titer group. Conclusions: CP treatment was significantly associated with a lower risk of mortality in older adults with COVID-19 than in patients not administered CP. The timing of CP administration is critical since earlier treatment after disease onset was associated with a better prognosis.

Physical activity is beneficial to modulate immune system function and has inverse relationship to ARDS linked with SARS-CoV-2. Physical activity consists of daily activity and physical training. Studies regarding effect of physical training on patients with COVID-19 are controversial. This systematic review aims to investigate physical training on muscle health and QOL in patients with COVID-19. The literature review was carried out using keywords: (Exercise) AND (COVID) AND (Muscle) AND (Observational Study) in several databases of PubMed and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). All references were reviewed using critical appraisal Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS) and Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (CEBM) checklist. The studies were subsequently screened for reporting exercise, muscle, and COVID-19. The descriptions of the extracted data are guided by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) statement with GRADE approach. This study is registered in PROSPERO: ID CRD42021295188. Six studies pooled and entered review synthesis. Studies were reviewed using critical appraisal by NOS and CEBM. Two clinical trial studies and four observational designs were selected. Our result showed physical training improved patients’ outcomes in the acute phase, critical phase, and post-COVID-19 phase. Multiple types of physical trainings were suggested by those studies, and most of them showed beneficial effects to patients with COVID-19 in different phases. The level of evidence by GRADE was downgraded, and further investigations are needed to establish guidelines and strong recommendation for a specific stage of COVID-19.

Pendahuluan. Hipotensi postprandial sebenarnya sering terjadi dan saat ini dikenal sebagai masalah klinis yang penting.Studi-studi yang ada menunjukkan bahwa prevalensi hipotensi postprandial pada usia lanjut cukup tinggi. Hipotensi postprandial merupakan prediktor mortalitas pada orang usia lanjut dan menyebabkan banyak sekuele yang signifikan pada subyek yang terkena. Hingga saat ini, penelitian-penelitian yang berkaitan dengan hipotensi postprandial lebih banyak dilakukan pada kelompok usia lanjut di negara-negara maju yang definisi usia lanjut, proporsi penyakit, proporsi obat-obatan yang digunakan serta proporsi asupan yang berbeda dengan kelompok usia lanjut di negara berkembang khususnya Indonesia. Tujuan. Mengetahui proporsi dan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian hipotensi postprandial pada kelompok usia lanjut.Metode. Penelitian studi potong-lintang dilakukan pada subjek usia lanjut di RSCM. Dilakukan pengisian kuesioner dan pengukuran tekanan darah sebelum makan dan setiap 15 menit sampai 2 jam setelah makan. Makanan yang dimakan dicatat untuk dianalisis.Hasil. Selama periode Januari – Maret 2010 terkumpul 119 subjek usia lanjut dengan rerata umur 67,50 ± 5,92 tahun. Sebanyak 53,8% memiliki hipertensi dan menggunakan obat anti hipertensi, 36.1% memiliki riwayat diabetes mellitus dan menggunakan obat pengontrol gula darah, 9,2% pernah mengalami stroke, 7.6% menggunakan terapi digoksin, 29.4% menggunakan terapi nitrat dan 3.4% menjalani hemodialisis rutin. Hipotensi postprandial didapatkan pada 55% subjek. Penggunaan obat diuretik loop dan insulin berhubungan dengan kejadian hipotensi postprandial. Selain itu diketahui pula bahwa penurunan tekanan darah postprandial lebih besar pada subjek dengan hipertensi, menggunakan obat ACE inhibitor, menggunakan obat diuretik loop/furosemid, menggunakan diuretik HCT, menggunakan insulin dan menggunakan obat nitrat.Simpulan. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa proporsi hipotensi postprandial pada subjek usia lanjut adalah 55%. Penggunaan obat diuretik loop dan insulin berhubungan dengan kejadian hipotensi postprandial. Penurunan tekanan darah postprandial lebih besar pada subjek dengan hipertensi, menggunakan obat ACE inhibitor, menggunakan obat diuretik loop/furosemid, menggunakan diuretik HCT, menggunakan insulin dan menggunakan obat nitrat.