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The manufacture of edible film from chicken bone gelatin incorporated with starch is essential for Indonesia, where most Muslims are. This is related to Shari’a law which requires Muslims to consume only halal food. Gelatin made from chicken bones is guaranteed to be halal. This study aimed to determine the process of extracting chicken bone waste with acid solvents, making the edible film, and the characterization of chicken bone edible film. This research started with extracting gelatin from chicken bone waste. The 5 g of extracted chicken bones were mixed with 40% w/v glycerol, starch (0, 5, 10, 15% w/v), and distilled water, then heated at 50°C. The mixture was printed in a petri dish (15 cm in diameter) and dried for 24 hours. The edible films were evaluated for physicochemical and mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, elongation, thickness, water resistance, WVTR, and degradation test. Edible film characterization used FTIR, SEM, XRD, and TGA. The optimum condition of the extraction procedure was obtained by using 5% HCl, which produces 8.22172% yield of gelatin with pH of 6.0, water content of 8%, and ash content of 0.945%. In the thickness test, the more significant the starch concentration added, the greater the thickness of the edible film produced. The edible film exhibited a decrease in tensile strength and an increase in elongation along with increasing starch concentration. The results of the WVTR test were only starch concentrations of 0 and 15% that meet the standards, while all concentrations in the water resistance did. The results of FTIR chicken bones with variations in starch and the addition of glycerol as a plasticizer have functional groups N-H, O-H, C-O, C=O, C-H, C-N. Edible films without the addition of starch were utterly degraded within 30 days.

The concept of metric dimension of graph could be applied in many graphs, one of them is subdivision graph. A subdivision graph of graph G denoted as S(G) is a graph resulting from graph G by replacing an edge uv with a new vertex w and adding two new edges uw and wv. In this paper, the subdivision graph is called k − subdivision denoted by Sk (G), if the number of edges replaced from graph G is k for 1 ≤ k ≤ |E(G)|, where |E(G)| is the size of graph G. The purpose of this research is to find the metric dimension of subdivision graphs Sk (G), specifically for some special graphs, those are path graph (Pn ), cycle graph (Cn ), complete graph (Kn ), star graph (Sn ), ladder graph (Ln ), book graph (Bn ), wheel graph (Wn ) and fan graph (Fn ).

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Generalized quarternion group (Q_(4n)) is a group of order $4n$ that is generated by two elements x and y with the properties x^{2n}=y^4=e and xy=yx^{-1}. The coprime graph of Q_{4n}, denoted by Omega_{Q_{4n}}, is a graph with the vertices are elements of Q_{4n} and the edges are generated by two elements that have coprime order. The first result of this paper presented that Omega_{Q_{4n}} is a tripartite graph for n is odd and Omega_{Q_{4n}} is a star graph for n is even. The second one presented the connectivity indices of Omega_{Q_{4n}}. Connectivity indices of a graph is a research area in mathematics that popularly applied in chemistry. There are six indices that are presented in this paper, those are first Zagreb index, second Zagreb index, Wiener index, hyper-Wiener index, Harary index, and Szeged index.Generalized quaternion group (Q4n) is a group of order 4n that is generated by two elements x and y with the properties x 2n = y 4 = e and xy = yx−1 . The coprime graph of Q4n, denoted by ΩQ4n , is a graph with the vertices are elements of Q4n and the edges are formed by two elements that have coprime order. The first result of this paper presents that ΩQ4n is a tripartite graph for n is an odd prime and ΩQ4n is a star graph for n is a power of 2. The second one presents the connectivity indices of ΩQ4n . Connectivity indices of a graph is a research area in mathematics that popularly applied in chemistry. There are six indices that are presented in this paper, those are first Zagreb index, second Zagreb index, Wiener index, hyper-Wiener index, Harary index, and Szeged index.