Objective: To seek the immune organ spleen function during the tumor growth and metastasis. Method: 300 Kunming mice, divided into 5 groups: spleen removal; spleen removal before inoculation, inoculation before spleen removal, spleen removal before inoculation+ splenic cells, administration of Chinese medicine. Each group is further separated into subgroups A and B. Ehrlich ascites tumor cell strain was inoculated into the abdominal cavities and ascite cancer cells are extracted from ascetic-type tumor animal abdominal cavity of mice, then 1×104 ml or 1×107ml cancer cells are inoculated through right armpit subcutaneously and abdominal cavity. The spleenectomy was performed by an incision is made into each layer of abdominal wall tissue through left lower abdomen and excise the spleen. Preparations of Splenic Cell Suspension and Supernatant Liquid of Splenic Tissue were made by executing newborn Kunming mice of 24~48h or adult mice and cuting off peripheral envelope and adipose tissue of spleen and making up the splenic cell suspensions of 5×107/ml. Then 2ml splenic cell suspensions into abdominal cavity of each experimental mouse. The following items are observed: success ratio of cancer cell inoculation, occurrence time of subcutaneous tumor nodi and speed of tumor enlargement, diameter and size of subcutaneous tumor nodi; mouse' weight; observe metastasis condition and moving degree; the quality of life, fur color, vitality, state of nutrition, breath, mental state of tumor-bearing mice and survival time of bearing tumor; abdominal shape and prohection of ascetic-type tumor-bearing mice; immunologic functional condition of red blood cells; necropsy and pathological section: tumor's size and weight, infiltrating and metastatic condition, morphological structure and involvement condition of visceral organs; measure the content of ascites; extract tumor tissue, liver, spleen, thymus gland, lung and other visceral organs to carry out the examination of pathological section. Results: 1. In the control group with spleen (accounts for 7.6%), after inoculation of cancer cells subcutaneously no tumor nodua grew and the mice survives for a long term (i.e. survival time is above 90d); in the group which first removed spleen and then injected splenic tissue(accounts for 25%) , the tumors fail to be inoculated. 2.The tumor which belongs to group of spleen removal before cancer cells inoculation subcutaneously appears first and grows fast. Before the fourteenth day, its tumor volume reaches biggest 14.4±6.2mm compared to 11.43±5.99mm in control group with spleen, P<0.09. On the twentieth day after inoculation, tumors' sizes of control group, group II A1 , group of inoculation before spleen removal reach unanimity: 18.92±9.98mm, 21.12±8.28mm, 19.7±5.9mm, P>0.01, while tumors in the group of injecting supernatant liquid of splenic tissue have the smallest volume 13.89±7.63mm. After cancer cells inoculation of spleen removal group, since the fourteenth day, tumor nodi often bear liquefaction, necrosis and ablation, which result in the shrinkage of tumor volume. 3. All experimental mice in the group of spleen removal before inoculation through abdominal cavity form ascites. The inoculation failure rates of control group with spleen and injection group of supernatant liquid of splenic tissue are 26% and 54% respectively. Survival time for each group's transabdominal inoculation: the mean survival time of group with spleen removal before inoculation is 35.6±18.93 days. While mean survival times of control group with spleen and injection group of supernatant liquid of splenic tissue are 51.46±29.35 days and 57.6±14.85 days respectively, and P<0.05. Significant differences exist among these three groups.4. Pathological changes: Ehrlich ascites tumor cell strain owns features of stable proliferation, strong invasiveness and so on. Subcutaneous inoculation is easy to induce the form of solid tumor which The metastases of cancer cells Metastatic ratios are 20% and 25%. While for mice with transabdominal inoculation, cancer cells easily metastasize to liver, kidney, pancreas, lymph nodes and visceral organs in advanced stage and metastatic ratio is up to 50%; in these group after 7days inoculation, the thymus presents acute and progressive atrophy, thymus' volume shrinks: the diameter of each normal lobule shortens from 5~8cm to about 1mm; the weight reduces from (70±10) mg to (20±5) mg; spleen becomes congested and tumid, the volume enlarges, weight increases, texture becomes fragile and microscopic examination shows the increase of germinal centers and active cell proliferation while on the fourteenth day after inoculation of cancer cells, the spleen also quickly presents progressive atrophy. Its volume shrinks: the weight reduces from (140±15) mg to (50±10) mg. Germinal centers obviously decrease; cell proliferation is suffocated and is hyperplasia of fibrous tissues with gray color and rigid texture. 6. After the removal of spleen, bonding ratio of C3b receptor garland of tumor-bearing mice is on a progressive declining tendency. Conclusion:(1) The spleen has certain anti-tumor effects. In tumor's early stage, spleen can suppress the growth of tumor. While in advanced stage of the course of disease, the anti-tumor action of spleen weakens or disappears, even can promote the growth of spleen. Tumor is easy to grow in the mouse without spleen after inoculation of tumor and the removal of spleen promotes the growth of tumor and shortens survival times of tumor-bearing mice, consequently leading to easy diffusion and metastasis of tumor.. injection of supernatant liquid of splenic cells will suppress the growth of tumor and prolong survival times of tumor-bearing mice. (2) Adoptive immunotherapy of tumors with transplantation of homogeneous variant splenic cells of fetal mice can reinforce anti-tumor immunological action of the organism, and suppress the growth of tumor. (3) There is a negative correlation between anti-tumor action of the organism and the quantity of inoculated cancer cells. The more the quantity of cancer cells, the more easily the immunological action of the organism is suppressed or damaged. The faster the growth rate of tumor, the worse the prognosis. Citation Format: Jie Xu, Ze Xu, Sitthipol Tovanich, Bin Wu. The spleen function in cancer growth and metastasis prevention. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2013 Oct 27-30; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2013;6(11 Suppl): Abstract nr A34.

Objective: To investigate cancer effects on the function of the host immune organs: Thymus and Spleen Methods: 40 Kunming mice and divided into four groups at random: control group of healthy mice; inoculated group with 0.1*107 ehrlich ascites carcinoma through abdominal cavity, executed them after 3 days; inoculated group with 0.1*107 ehrlich ascites carcinoma, executed them after 7 days; inoculated group with 0.1*107 ehrlich ascites carcinoma, executed them after 14 days. Executed the mice of each group and reserved the whole blood of each mouse to do lymphocyte conversion and then anatomized them immediately; observed the range of soakage, volume of ascites and the situation of all viscera; emphasized on observing the anatomical shape of thymus, spleens and lymph nodes and took out the thymus and spleen integrally, then measured their volume with a vernier caliper; weigh them respectively using analytical balance. Results: 1.Thymuses weights: within 7 days after inoculation, thymuses have no obvious change observed by eyes; however their weights begin to lose weight. After 7 days, they present acute progressive atrophy; in the later period, the diameter of the thymuses reduces from the normal level 5~8 mm to about 1mm and the weights decrease from 76.1mg to 20mg with the texture becoming hard and the functions declining even lost, which indicates that the cellular immune functions are operated and inhibited increasingly with the development of tumors, and the immune functions are declined to a lower level with tumors growing more and more rapidly. 2. Spleen weights: spleens of cancer- bearing mice in the early stage the volume is enlarging gradually and the weight is increasing, while in the later stage, the spleens present progressive atrophy. 3. The change in lymphocyte conversion rate of the cancer-bearing mice presents certain regularity: after inoculation the conversion rate increase slightly and then presents an acute progressive decrease. Until 14th day (later period), it declines to normal level about 50% and continue declining after that, which indicates that in the whole course of diseases, cancer cells produce inhibitory effect on the cellular immunity; with the course of diseased this effect becomes more intensive and the immune functions are damaged. The changes in thymic volume and weight are extremely similar to the curve of lymphocyte conversion rate presented as synchronism. By contrast, the changes in splenic volume and weight are different from them with increase in the early period and the decrease, which indicates that during the middle and later period, both the organismal humoral immunity and cellular immunity are damaged and inhibited. 4. Changes of thymic and splenic pathology (1) Thymus presents progressive atrophy during the whole course of disease; on the 3rd day after inoculated with cancer cells, thymus shrinks slightly and the color is gray; on the 7th day, thymic volume shrinks obviously and the cellular proliferation is stopped with reduced mature cells; during the later period of cancers, thymus shrinks extremely and its volume is as big as a sesame with the diameter of 1 mm and hard texture. (2) Spleen is congested and tumefied; the volume is augmenting with being black red and crisp. The number of germinal centers increase and mature decrease; while from the 14th day after inoculation, spleen also presents progressive atrophy. Conclusion: 1. Cancer effect on Thymus: Cancer cells inhibit the function of Thymus, the cell proliferation inhibited, the mature cell decrease or loss, the metabilish decrease, the cell activities decrease, the decrease of the secretory of thymus hormones, the cell-mediated immune function was damaged and the defense of the mice decrease, cancer cells of transplantation grow rapidly. 2. Cancer effect on Spleen: 1) cancer cells active the immune response to kill cancer cells through cancer cell specific antigen which can stimulate the host immune system to protect our body. 2). cancer can induce the suppressor cells and inhibiting factor production, and add the inhibiting factors from the tumor cell secretion to inhibit the immune system anticancer in the host to escape the immune surviellence and to survive and to develop. When cancer cells enter into the body in the early stage, the spleen will be stimulated to produce the reactions and the cell proliferation faster and function stronger and produce more immune effective cells and lymphokines and inhibit cancer growth. In the later stage, along with cancer development, cancer cells produce lots of the immune inhibiting factors which lead to the spleen shrinkle and the immune function will be limited or damaged so that the spleen lost the positive function of the anticancer immune responses. Citation Format: Jie Xu, Ze Xu, Shiping Zhu, Sitthipol Tovanich, Bin Wu. Cancer effects on the function of the host immune organs: Thymus and spleen. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2013 Oct 27-30; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2013;6(11 Suppl): Abstract nr C43.

Objective: The objective of this research was to search the new ways to reconstruct the immune function. Methods: 200 Kunming mice, 5 to 6 weeks old, divided into 8 Groups: control group bearing tumors (Group B, n=9);observation group for combined transplantation of fetal liver, spleen and thymus cells(Group CI, n=15); observation group(Group CII, n=15; carry on combined transplantation to this group once a week for successive 5 weeks and then execute the mice);treatment group with transplantation of fetal liver cells (Group F);treatment group with transplantation of fetal spleen cells (Group G); treatment group with transplantation of fetal thymus cells (Group H); treatment group with combined transplantation of fetal liver and spleen cells (Group I);treatment group with combined transplantation of fetal liver and thymus cells (Group K), nF=nG=nH=nI=nJ=nK= 12. First, prepare mice of ascitic type after the anabiosis of the root of Ehrlich ascites tumor; when the ascites are formed, draw out the ascites of the cancer cells and collect them to inoculate the experimental mice under the skin of the right hollow viscera to make the subcutaneous solid tumor model bearing Ehrlich Ascites tumor. When the model is prepared, carry out correspondent cell transplantation once a week for each group. After prepared of the suspension of fetal liver, spleen and thymus, they were transplanted into above animal models to record the tumor growth, disappear, survival time, the immune function and the tissue pathology change and compared each experimental group number. Results: The results showed that in three experimental groups the rate which the tumors were completely disappeared is 40% in the early stages and the rate which the tumors were completely disappeared in the later stage is 46.67%. After the tumors completely disappeared, the animals can survive for a long time. The partial disappeared rate is 26.67% in the early group and is 13.33% in the long-term group. In the partial group the average survival time is above one month which the immune function increase and immune organ enlarge. The immune organ histology slides showed that the organ cells proliferation increased. Conclusion: Reconstitution of immune system organ completely and partially can help the host to fight the tumor and to improve the treatment effects. Citation Format: Jie Xu, Ze Xu, Sitthipol Tovanich, Bin Wu. The novel ways to inhibit atrophy of thymus and reconstructing the immune function in preventing the advance of tumor. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2013 Oct 27-30; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2013;6(11 Suppl): Abstract nr A33.