Surgical resection with a tumor-free margin is the only curative treatment for hilar cholangiocarcinoma (Klatskin tumor). However, over half of the patients present late with unresectable tumors. Radiotherapy using external beam irradiation or intraluminal brachytherapy (ILBT) has been used to treat unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma with satisfactory outcome. We reported a patient with unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma surviving more than 6 years after combined external beam irradiation and ILBT.

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With recent advances in the medical management of premature infants, a higher proportion survive. Subsequently, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) has evolved in the past 30 years and is currently the most common gastrointestinal emergency in the neonatal intensive care unit. Necrotizing enterocolitis is associated with a high morbidity and mortality. Predominant suggested risk factors are prematurity, enteral feeding, infectious agents and intestinal hypoxia and ischaemic insult. Intestines of premature infants are defensively immature structurally and functionally. Recent studies on breast‐milk protection of NEC showed that oligosaccharide and glycoconjugates of the breast milk can alter bowel flora to lactobacillus so as to prevent enteropathogen growth. Prebiotics have been shown to promote bifidobacteria and subsequently prevention of NEC. Probiotic bifidobacteria supplementation also shows a similar beneficial effect. The use of prebiotics or probiotics to prevent NEC warrants further studies.