Study Design Retrospective single institutional observational study. Purpose Segmental spinal dysgenesis (SSD), a complex spinal dysraphic state caused by notochord malformation disorders, is named after its morphological presentation where a spine segment is dysgenetic, malformed or absent. This study’s objective was to examine and reassess SSD imaging findings and correlate them with an embryological explanation. Overview of Literature Scott and his colleagues defined SSD as segmental agenesis or dysgenesis of the lumbar or thoracolumbar vertebrae and underlying spinal cord. Tortori-Donati and his colleagues defined it as a morphologic continuum ranging from hypoplasia to an absent spinal cord segment. Methods Fifteen children, whose imaging findings and clinical features were consistent with SSD, were included in the study. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed per institutional spine protocol. Results Five children (33.3%) presented with a high-ending bulbous cord with no caudal segment, six (40%) presented with a dorsal or lumbar segmental dysgenetic cord with a low-lying, bulky caudal cord but without significant spinal canal narrowing, and four (26.6%) presented with segmental caudal dysgenesis with severe kyphoscoliosis, gibbus deformity, and spinal canal narrowing with a normal distal segment (normal or low-lying). Conclusions SSD is a complex spinal anomaly in children requiring clinical-radiological assessment followed by multidisciplinary management based on the extent and severity of the dysgenetic cord and the type of SSD. MRI plays a crucial role in both diagnosing and classifying SSD prior to surgical treatment to prevent further impairment.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to correlate the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of adhesive capsulitis with clinical stages and thereby propose a MR staging system. Materials and Methods: This study consisted of 74 patients with clinically diagnosed adhesive capsulitis. The edema of the inferior glenohumeral ligament (IGHL), pericapsular edema, thickness of anterior band of IGHL, axillary pouch, thickness of coracohumeral ligament, and obliteration of fat in the subcoracoid triangle were evaluated by MRI. Results: Thickening of the anterior band of IGHL showed most significant correlation with the clinical stages. The distribution of edema of IGHL and pericapsular edema also showed significant correlation with the clinical stages of adhesive capsulitis. Pericapsular edema and IGHL edema was not observed in stage IV. Conclusion: MR is a useful tool for evaluation and prediction of clinical stage of adhesive capsulitis.

BACKGROUND Spondylolysis is defined as a defect in the pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch, which is a bony bridge connecting the superior and the inferior articular facet joints. Aims and Objectives: To determine the incidental occurrence of lumbar spondylolysis, the common site and type of involvement and the associated degenerative disorders in the patients in an unselected population. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a cross-sectional study in which incidental spondylolysis was evaluated for 852 patients (462 females and 380 males) who underwent multidetector (16 slice) CT abdomen/ (Kidney Ureter Bladder) using bone and soft tissue algorithm. Overview of Literature-There are very less number of studies regarding the prevalence of incidental spondylolysis, the common site and the type of involvement in a developing country. RESULTS CT Abdomen/ KUB imaging showed higher prevalence of incidental lumbar spondylolysis. Most common level involved was L5 vertebra, the common type was isthmic. Age wise distribution of type of spondylolysis and grading of listhesis was significant. CONCLUSION CT Abdomen/ KUB imaging of an unselected Indian population showed higher prevalence of incidental lumbar spondylolysis. The prevalence of isthmic type is higher and its progression to spondylolisthesis increases with advancing age.

BACKGROUNDThe causes of non-acute neurological illness presenting as developmental delay and regression of attained milestones are frequently unknown, and clinicians and families can be frustrated by the lack of neuroimaging correlation especially when considering therapeutic options and long-term prognosis.The goal of our study is to determine if proton MR spectroscopy can depict abnormalities in patients with non-acute neurological illness with special reference to children with developmental delay and regression of attained milestones. MATERIALS AND METHODSThis is a retrospective descriptive study, where imaging of 615 children with non-acute neurological illness were included. Among those, 424 children's MR spectroscopy whose preliminary MRI showed predominantly normal or non-specific findings were analysed by two radiologists. MR spectroscopy was performed as per institutional protocol with multivoxel grid placed in bilateral subcortical white matter in the frontal and parieto-occipital regions, bilateral thalami and basal ganglia. The diagnosis was confirmed with biochemical, pathological, genetic studies and enzyme analysis. RESULTSSpectra of 198 children showed no specific findings in MRS to arrive at a specific diagnosis. Spectra of 153 children showed mild decrease in NAA and mild decrease in NAA/Cr ratio, which indicates neuronal depletion and is non-specific with no biochemical/genetic abnormality and were diagnosed as idiopathic developmental delay. 58 children were significantly different with smaller NAA peaks and decreased NAA/ Cr ratios were diagnosed as Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis, 3 children with elevated lipid peak at 0.9 and 1.3 ppm were diagnosed as Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome, 3 children with absent creatine peak were diagnosed as Cerebral creatine deficiency, 3 children with decreased NAA peak and mild elevated Cho/ Cr ratio were diagnosed as GM1 gangliosidosis. One child presented with non-specific white matter hyperintensity in MRI and elevated peak at 2 ppm similar to that of NAA was diagnosed as Salla disease. One child with broad based lipid peak at 0.9 -1.3 ppm and was diagnosed as disorder of beta-oxidation of fatty acid. Two children showed single peak noted at 3.5 ppm denoting glycine and was diagnosed as hyperglycinaemia. Phenylalanine peaks were noted in two children at 7.36 ppm and were diagnosed as Phenylketonuria.