This prospective study investigated whether antibodies from SARS-CoV-2 immunization of nursing mothers transferred to infants as a potentially protective effect.

Taken together, these data indicate that endogenous GLP-1 system is activated during sepsis. Patients with T2D display an enhanced and prolonged activation as compared to nondiabetic patients. Extreme early increased GLP-1 levels during sepsis indicate poor prognosis.

The possibility of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission by fomites or environmental surfaces has been suggested. It is unclear if SARS-CoV-2 can be detected in outdoor public areas. The objective of the current study was to assess the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in environmental samples collected at public playgrounds and water fountains, in a country with high disease prevalence. Environmental samples were collected from six cities in central Israel. Samples were collected from drinking fountains and high-touch recreational equipment at playgrounds. Sterile pre-moistened swabs were used to collect the samples, put in viral transfer media and transferred to the laboratory. Viral detection was achieved by real-time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction, targeting four genes. Forty-three samples were collected from playground equipment and 25 samples from water fountains. Two of the 43 (4.6%) samples from playground equipment and one (4%) sample from a drinking fountain tested positive. It is unclear whether the recovery of viral RNA on outdoor surfaces also indicates the possibility of acquiring the virus. Adherence to environmental and personal hygiene in urban settings seems prudent.

Background: Culture-positive gram-negative sepsis induces greater magnitude of early innate immunity / inflammatory response compared with culture-negative sepsis. We previously demonstrated increased activation of antiinflammatory Glucagon Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) hormone in initial phase of sepsis more pronounced in diabetes patients. However, whether GLP-1 system is hyperactivated during the early innate immune response to gram-negative sepsis and modulated by diabetes remains unknown. Objectives: Total and active GLP-1, soluble Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (sDPP-4) enzyme, and innate immunity markers presepsin (sCD14) and procalcitonin (PCT) in plasma were determined by ELISA on admission and after 2 to 4 days in 37 adult patients with and without type 2 diabetes and gram-negative or culture-negative sepsis of different severity. Results: Severe but not non-severe sepsis was associated with markedly increased GLP-1 system response, which correlated with PCT and the organ dysfunction marker lactate. Culture-positive gram-negative bacteria but not culture-negative sepsis induced hyper-activation of GLP-1 system, which correlated with increased innate immune markers sCD14, PCT, and lactate. GLP-1 inhibitory enzyme sDPP-4 was down regulated by sepsis and correlated negatively with sCD14 in gram-negative sepsis. Diabetic patients demonstrated increased GLP-1 response but significantly weaker innate immune response to severe and gram-negative sepsis. Conclusions: Early stage of gram-negative sepsis is characterized by endogenous GLP-1 system hyperactivity associated with over activation of innate immune response and organ dysfunction, which are modulated by diabetes. Total GLP-1 may be novel marker for rapid diagnosis of gram-negative sepsis and its severity.