Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) is a rare hereditary disease that manifests itself in fetal growth retardation during pregnancy, delayed growth after birth, a relatively large head relative to the body, a triangular face shape, a prominent forehead (when viewed in profile), body asymmetry and significant feeding difficulties at a young age. Children with Silver-Russell syndrome have smaller linear facial dimensions and abnormalities in facial proportions, such as a small, retropositioned, and steeply inclined maxilla and mandible, and proportionally greater anterior facial height relative to posterior facial height. The aim of this article is to examine the prevalence of caries lesions in children with Silver-Russell syndrome. The subject of the study were 60 children with Silver-Russell syndrome. The children were divided into three groups, according to age (<6years, 6-12 years, 12-18 years). The prevalence of caries was measured using the dft/dmf (t+T)/ DMFT indices. The prevalence of caries lesions for the children with Silver-Russell syndrome is 4,55±1,86. There is a significant prevalence of D1 and D2 caries lesions in the age group above 12 years old. (p=0.001) For the age group <6 years there is significance in the prevalence of D4 caries lesions.(p=0.007). Children with SRS have a higher prevalence of dental caries as a result from different predisposing factors, which include excessive crowding due to micrognatia, frequent carbohydrate intake due to hypoglycemia. Another reason for increased dental caries prevalence is the deficiency of vitamin D3, which is observed in children with growth hormone deficiency.

Down syndrome – trisomy of 21 chromosome is the most common chromosome anomaly, which affects children worldwide. The aim of this study is to compare the distribution of periodontal disease among Down syndrome children and healthy children. 60 children and adolescents with Down syndrome and 60 healthy children were examined in the same age group. Plaque index (PI) (Silness&Loe), probing depth (PD) were registered. The plaque index of children with Down syndrome under 6 years is 0.81. For the children between 6-11 years, this index is 1.4 and for the third group it is 1,8. For the healthy children the values of the PI are: under 6 years – 0.9; between 6-11 – 1.2; between 11-15 – 2.2. The measured pocket depths of the children with DS for the three examined are as follows: under 6 years – 3.5; between 6-11 – 4.1; between 11-15 – 4.7. For the healthy children the values of the PPD are: under 6 years – 2.6; between 6-11 – 3.3; between 11-15 – 3.0. Conclusion: There are more frequent periodontal problems for Down syndrome children, which does not correspond with the level of their oral hygiene.

In exogenous prophylaxis, fluoride is applied directly to the tooth surface through various gels, varnishes, foams, and toothpaste. According to the global burden of disease study conducted in 2017, more than 530 million children worldwide suffer from dental caries in their primary dentition. There are few developments in the selection of non-invasive methods in the application of mineralizing varnishes. The researchers investigated experimentally, in-vitro the preventive activity of the fluoride varnish Clinpro™ White Varnish with TCP 3M (CV), using a modern method of X-ray diffraction. The 20 temporary teeth were extracted due to physiological changes. Place of study was UMDC - city of Varna and Institute of Physical Chemistry "Academician Rostislav Kaishev" of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia. Demineralization is carried out with 37% phosphoric acid (i-gel – etching gel) and applied to the smooth temporary enamel surfaces for 30 seconds. The models were then washed and dried with a water and air jet. Remineralization was performed with CV. The formation of small globules of calcium fluoride. The coating is composed mainly of fluorapatite. With the modern method of X-ray diffraction, it was proved that exogenous fluoride prophylaxis and remineralization therapy are effective methods of prevention and treatment of initial caries lesions.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurological and developmental disorder which affects how people communicate with others, learn, and behave. It is described as a "developmental disorder" , because symptoms generally appear in the first two years of life and cause delays in many different ways. As a psychoneurological disorder, autism is characterized by self-isolation as a characteristic feature, as well as the presence of repetitive and stereotyped activities and interests, with a particular focus not on people, but on inanimate objects. This article aims to summarize and combine the latest information, available in scientific literature, in order to establish how ASD impacts the oral health of these patients. The search was was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar. Out of 250 articles, 45 are considered eligible.Results: Various studies have investigated the relationship between the oral status of children with autism compared to healthy children, finding poor oral hygiene and periodontal disease in children with autism. It is expected that caries prevalence as well as gingivitis is higher in patients with ASD, due to difficulties in adequate brushing and flossing, as well as the lack of manual skills. Unusual oral habits include bruxism due to hyperactivity of the lower jaw, gingival picking,tongue thrusting, non nutritive chewing on objects such as gravel, cigarette butts, or pens tooth erosion due to regurgitation. Conclusion:Children with ASD are more prone to the development of caries lesions, periodontal disease and other oral manifestations. All of these can be reduced by making a personalized prevention programe and treatment plan.

Gerstmann syndrome is a classical cerebral syndrome in neurology, named after Joseph Gerstmann, a Jewish Austrian-born American neurologist. Patients present with a tetrad of cognitive symptoms, including agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia and left-right disorientation. The syndrome is known to result from a lesion of the posterior portion of the dominant parietal lobe and is usually due to stroke or to developmental problems. We describe the case of a 35-year-old man whose illness debuted about 9 months before the initial presentation to the neurology clinic, with memory complaints, anxiety, verbal aggression, sleeping problems, as well as subjective word finding difficulty and depressed mood. The patient had 3 out of the 4 classic symptoms of Gerstmann syndrome, among other, mostly neuropsychiatric symptoms. Initially, structural lesions were sought for, but were not found on magnetic resonance imaging. Psychiatric conditions were discussed but not confirmed by the consulting psychiatrist. We are prone to accepting a non-organic reason for the condition of the patient, but follow-up of the clinical course and repeated assessments, including neuropsychological and psychiatric evaluations, structural and possibly functional neuroimaging will be required to verify and confirm this presumption.