Lack of adequate dietary knowledge may result in poor health conditions. This study aims to measure income-related inequality in dietary knowledge, and to explain the sources of the inequality. Data were from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) conducted in 2015. A summary of the dietary knowledge score and dietary guideline awareness was used to measure the dietary knowledge of respondents. The concentration index was employed as a measure of socioeconomic inequality and was decomposed into its determining factors. The study found that the proportion of respondents who correctly answered questions on dietary knowledge was significantly low for some questions. Compared to rural residents, urban residents had a higher proportion of correctly answered dietary knowledge questions. In addition, there are pro-rich inequalities in dietary knowledge. This observed inequality is determined not only by individual factors but also high-level area factors. Our study recommends that future dietary education programs could take different strategies for individuals with different educational levels and focus more on disadvantaged people. It would be beneficial to consider local dietary habits in developing education materials.

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Because of economic reform, dietary pattern in China changed rapidly during the past two decades. Meanwhile, the changes of income and nutrients intake had the same trend. This study aims to measure the income-related inequality in daily nutrients intake and its health-related income mobility over time. Data was sourced from four waves of China Health and Nutrition Survey. Concentration indexes and health-related income mobility indexes were employed to measure the income-related inequality of nutrients intake and its change over time. This study found that the daily protein intake, daily fat intake, daily energy intake, and proportion of energy from fat over 30% were more concentrated on the rich, whereas daily carbohydrates intake among the poor. The income-related inequalities were more severe than the cross-sectional perspective in the long run. The dynamic change of urbanisation indexes has resulted that over 30% of energy from fat was more concentrated among the rich and carbohydrates intake among the poor. The nutrition transition may bring about more severe disease economic burden to the poor in the future. This study recommends an approach to minimize gaps between rural and city areas by promoting rural revitalization to reduce the income-related inequality in daily nutrient intake.

Particle mixing process is critical for the design and quality control of concrete and composite production. This paper develops an algorithm to simulate the high-shear mixing process of a granular flow containing a high proportion of solid particles mixed in a liquid. DEM is employed to simulate solid particle interactions; whereas SPH is implemented to simulate the liquid particles. The two-way coupling force between SPH and DEM particles is used to evaluate the solid-liquid interaction of a multi-phase flow. Using Darcy’s Law, this paper evaluates the coupling force as a function of local mixture porosity. After the model is verified by two benchmark case studies, i.e., a solid particle moving in a liquid and fluid flowing through a porous medium, this method is applied to a high shear mixing problem of two types of solid particles mixed in a viscous liquid by a four-bladed mixer. A homogeneity metric is introduced to characterize the mixing quality of the particulate mixture. The virtual experiments with the present algorithm show that adding more liquid or increasing liquid viscosity slows down the mixing process for a high solid load mix. Although the solid particles can be mixed well eventually, the liquid distribution is not homogeneous, especially when the viscosity of liquid is low. The present SPH-DEM model is versatile and suitable for virtual experiments of particle mixing process with different blades, solid particle densities and sizes, and liquid binders, and thus can expedite the design and development of concrete materials and particulate composites.

Abstract. The Tangshan region is one of the most seismically active areas in the North China, and the 1976 M 7.8 earthquake occurred on 28 July near the Tangshan fault zone. The Matouying enhanced geothermal system (EGS) field is located ∼90 km away from the city of Tangshan. Since late 2020, preliminary hydraulic stimulation tests have been conducted at depths of ∼3965–4000 m. Fluid injection into geothermal reservoir facilitates a heat exchanger system. However, fluid injection may also induce earthquakes. In anticipation of the EGS operation at the Matouying uplift, it is essential to assess how the fault slip potential of the nearby active and quiescent faults will change in the presence of fluid injection. In this study, we first characterize the ambient stress field in the Tangshan region by performing stress tensor inversions using 98 focal-mechanism data (ML≥2.5). Then, we estimate the principal stress magnitudes near the Matouying EGS field by analyzing in situ stress measurements at shallow depths (∼600–1000 m). According to these data, we perform a quantitative risk assessment using the Mohr–Coulomb framework in order to evaluate how the main active faults might respond to hypothetical injected-related pore pressure increases due to the upcoming EGS production. Our results mainly show that most earthquakes in the Tangshan seismic region have occurred on the faults that have relatively high fault slip potential in the present ambient stress field. At well distances of less than 15 km, the probabilistic fault slip potential on most of the boundary faults increases with continuing fluid injection over time, especially on the faults with well distances of ∼6–10 km. The probabilistic fault slip potential (fsp) increases linearly with the fluid injection rate. However, the fsp values decrease exponentially with increased unit permeability. The case study of the Matouying EGS field has important implications for deep geothermal exploitation in China, especially for Gonghe EGS (in Qinghai Province) and Xiong'an New Area (in Hebei Province) geothermal reservoirs that are close to the Quaternary active faults. Ongoing injection operations in the regions should be conducted with these understandings in mind.