Latest advances in the field of cancer immunotherapy have developed the (Chimeric Antigen Receptor) CAR-T cell therapy. This therapy was first used in hematological malignancies which obtained promising results; therefore, the use of CAR-T cells has become a popular approach for treating non-solid tumors. CAR-T cells consist of T-lymphocytes that are engineered to express an artificial receptor against any surface antigen of our choice giving us the capacity of offering precise and personalized treatment. This leaded to the development of CAR-T cells for treating solid tumors with the hope of obtaining the same result; however, their use in solid tumor and their efficacy have not achieved the expected results. The reason of these results is because solid tumors have some peculiarities that are not present in hematological malignancies. In this review we explain how CAR-T cells are made, their mechanism of action, adverse effect and how solid tumors can evade their action, and also we summarize their use in colorectal cancer and peritoneal carcinomatosis.

According to International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas statistics, diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of vision loss in blinding diseases. The underlying cause of retinal vasculopathy progression in diabetic patients is hyperglycemia and hypoxia features in microvascular region. Hence, cyanobacteria are used as carriers to load both gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) with glucose oxidase‐like activity and iridium nanoparticles (Ir NPs) with catalase‐like activity, respectively (Cyano@Au@Ir). The Au NPs nanozyme first degrades glucose into hydrogen peroxide, which is further decomposed into H2O and O2 by the Ir NPs to complete the cascade hypoglycemic reaction. Based on the unique light transmittance of eyeball and the accumulation of light in the retinal area, the sustainable O2 production by Cyano greatly alleviates the hypoxia of microenvironment, leading to the decrease of angiogenic growth factor and hypoxia‐inducible factor expressions. Simultaneously, the highly expressed peroxide in the DR microenvironment can also be eliminated by Ir NPs for anti‐inflammatory property. Furthermore, it is demonstrated in DR animal model that Cyano@Au@Ir significantly reduces neovascular progression and vascular leakage. This novel treatment mode fundamentally degrades blood glucose, continuously supplies O2, and scavenges free radicals for comprehensive microenvironment regulation, providing inspirations for solving fundus complications of DR.

Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) have shown poor effectiveness in treating peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) of gastric origin with a high tumor burden (high peritoneal cancer index), though there are scarce therapy alternatives that are able to improve survival. In experimental studies, chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) cell therapy has shown encouraging results in gastric cancer and is currently being evaluated in several clinical trials. Regarding PC, CAR-T cell therapy has also proven useful in experimental studies, especially when administered intraperitoneally, as this route improves cell distribution and lifespan. Although these results need to be supported by ongoing clinical trials, CAR-T cells are a promising new therapeutic approach to peritoneal metastases from gastric cancer. In this review, we summarize the current evidence of the use of CAR-T cells in gastric cancer and PC of gastric origin.

Absceso hepático debido a la ingestión de una espina de pescado: caso clínico y revisión de la literatura