Although there are many examples of color evolution potentially driven by sensory drive, only few studies have examined whether distinct species inhabiting the same environments evolve similar body colors via shared sensory mechanisms. In this study, we tested whether two sympatric freshwater fish taxa, halfbeaks of the genus Nomorhamphus and ricefishes of the genus Oryzias in Sulawesi Island, converge in both body color and visual sensitivity. After reconstructing the phylogeny separately for Nomorhamphus and Oryzias using transcriptome‐wide sequences, we demonstrated positive correlations of body redness between these two taxa across environments, even after phylogenetic corrections, which support convergent evolution. However, substantial differences were observed in the expression profiles of opsin genes in the eyes between Nomorhamphus and Oryzias. Particularly, the expression levels of the long wavelength‐sensitive genes were negatively correlated between the taxa, indicating that they have different visual sensitivities despite living in similar light environments. Thus, the convergence of body colorations between these two freshwater fish taxa was not accompanied by convergence in opsin sensitivities. This system presents a case in which body color convergence can occur between sympatric species via different mechanisms.

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The purpose of this study were to know the distribution of Nomorhamphus genus in Southeastern Sulawesi and to examine the first record of Nomorhamphus sp. in Loea river east Kolaka Regency Southeast Sulawesi Indonesia. Nomorhamphus is as one of Sulawesi’s endemic fish. The distribution map of Nomorhamphus based on primary and secondary data. Both visualized using System Information Geography (SIG) through QGIS application. First record of Nomorhamphus sp. in Loea river describe by morphometric and meristic data. Nomorhamphus sp. catched by used a beach seine. Each individual caught was put into a plastic sample which was given formalin about 4%. This study recorded the fiftythree specimen consist of twentytwo males and thirtyone females. Several locations are known as the Nomorhamphus sp. habitat, namely Fotuno fountain, Moramo waterfall, Balano fountain, Laweau river, Moramo river, Anduna river and Asinua river. Furthermore, other Nomorhamphus found in Wawolambo river (N. lanceolatus) and Mangolo river (N. sagittarius). Several characters of male and female of present study including total length, standard length and head length about 30.0-87.7 mm, 24.2-70.5 mm and 7.3-30.7 mm, respectively. The meristic showed both males and females have relatively the same number of fin rays. The relationship between total length and body weight of male and female followed the equation W = 0.0385L1.1355 (r = 0.90664) and W = 0.0647L2.2221 (r = 0.87756), respectively.