BACKGROUND:Male reproductive function has recently attracted increasing attention due to reports on time-related decline in semen quality. Furthermore, regional differences in the semen quality have also been reported.AIM:To investigate the semen quality among large cohort of infertile individuals at a regional level, in terms of the sperm concentration, total sperm motility, sperm morphology and incidence of azoospermia over a period of 13 years.SETTING:University infertility clinic at Kasturba Hospital, Manipal which is a tertiary healthcare centre serving the general population.DESIGN:Retrospective analysis.MATERIALS AND METHODS:This includes a total of 7770 subjects who presented for semen analysis from 1993 to 2005. The data regarding ejaculate volume, sperm density, motility, morphology and the incidence of azoospermia were collected.STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED:One way analysis of variance (ANOVA), regression analysis and Chi square analysis.RESULTS:The average sperm density among infertile men during 2004-2005 was 26.61 ± 0.71 millions/mL which was significantly lower than the average sperm density observed in 1993-1994 (38.18 ± 1.46 millions/mL). Similar trend was also observed for sperm motility (47.14% motile sperms vs. 61.16%) and normal sperm morphology (19.75% vs. 40.51%). Interestingly, the incidence of severe oligospermia (mean sperm density <10 millions/mL) observed in 2002-2005 and 1993-1997 demonstrated a significant inverse relationship (P < 0.001).CONCLUSION:Our study provides the first evidence that the quality of human semen evaluated for infertility is deteriorating in the southern part of the India over the years, probably due to environmental, nutritional, life style or socioeconomic causes.

Purpose:This study was undertaken to analyze the extended spectrum of β lactamase (ESBL), metallo β lactamase (MBL) & AmpC production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa in various clinical samples. Materials & Methods:One hundred four non repetitive clinical specimens were inoculated onto nutrient agar, blood agar and incubated at 37 o C overnight. The colonies were tested for oxidase test and other biochemical tests and antibiogram. ESBL screening was done using 3 rd generation cephalosporins and confirmatory combined double disc test, imipenem-EDTA double disc synergy test for MBL enzyme and AmpC test using Cefoxitin disc. Results & Analysis:Out of 104 P.aeruginosa isolates, 42.30% were ESBL producer, 15.38 % MBL producer and none were AmpC producer. Imipenem, Ofloxacin, and aminoglycosides (amikacin (29.8%) tobramycin (29.8%) and netilmycin (13.46%) has got the better antipseudomonal activity in this study. 43 (41.35%) P.aeruginosa was found to be Multi Drug Resistant (MDR). Conclusion:This study highlights the prevalence of ESBL, MBL and MDR P.aeruginosa. Carbapenems and aminoglycosides are promising drugs with antipseudomonal activity in our study.