No abstract

Cone-beam computed tomography is a three-dimensional imaging method that offers the possibility to view an individual tooth or teeth at any view and overcomes many of the limitations of conventional radiographs. A review of the literature has been conducted in order to summarize the main criteria for the use of cone-beam computed tomography in the field of endodontics. Three-dimensional imaging is proven to ensure more accurate diagnosis and therefore improved management of complex endodontic cases and so to rapidly influence the assessment of complex root canal anatomy, periapical periodontitis, root resorption, dental traumas and root fractures. Cone-beam computed tomography can be a powerful tool in endodontic treatment planning, assessing the outcome of the root canal treatment and follow-ups. That is the reason for the rapid increase of the use of cone beam computed tomography in the field of endodontics worldwide.

INTRODUCTION: Calcium hydroxide is used widely as an intracanal medication dressing due to its antibacterial activity. It is left into the root canal for a different period of time. Intracanal calcium hydroxide is usually removed by the use of instrumentation and irrigation. The residual material may interact with the root canal sealer and interfere with its sealing ability. AIM: The aim of this article is to review the literature in order to compare the main techniques that can be used to remove calcium hydroxide from the root canal system. RESULTS: Intracanal calcium hydroxide is usually removed by the use of continuous irrigation, in conjunction with rotary or hand instruments, sonic or ultrasonic activation of the irrigants. CONCLUSION: None of the described techniques is able to provide a complete removal of the intracanal calcium hydroxide from the root canal walls in all clinical cases, because of the complexity of the root canal system of every tooth. There is no standard protocol and different techniques should be applied and combined in order to achieve clean root canal walls before the definitive obturation of the root canal system.

Основната цел на ендодонтското лечение е свързана със запазване формата, функцията и естетиката на естественото съзъбие. Ятрогенни инциденти, като например създаване на перфорации, могат да съпътстват всеки етап от провеждане на лечението и значително да повлияят дългосрочната прогноза на въвлечения зъб. Предложени са редица материали за възстановяване на перфорационни дефекти и други ятрогенни инциденти. В днешно време един от най-приложимите материали при такива индикации е минерал триоксид агрегат (МТА). Въпреки многото описани предимства, материалът се характеризира и с някои клинично значими недостатъци. Съществуват два вида-бял и сив МТА, които се характеризират с някои значителни различия. Целта на тази обзорна статия е да сравни белия и сивия МТА по отношение на основните им механични качества.

INTRODUCTION: Periapical lesions of endodontic origin are common pathological conditions affecting the periradicular tissues. Mainly responsible for the initiation and progression of apical periodontitis is the microbial infection of pulpal tissues. There are different conservative techniques that can be applied in order to establish a healing process of periapical lesions of endodontic origin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We have conducted a research that covers related articles and publications, in order to review the different conservative management treatment techniques for lesions affecting the periradicular tissues. RESULTS: Different non-surgical management techniques have been described, namely: conservative root canal therapy, decompression technique, a method using calcium hydroxide, aspiration-irrigation technique, lesion sterilization and repair therapy, active non-surgical decompression technique, and the apexum procedure. CONCLUSION: All of the described management techniques present with advantages, disadvantages and specific indications that should be taken into consideration when managing the treatment plan of every specific clinical case.