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Aspergillus fumigatus is a filamentous saprophytic fungus that is commonly found in soil and plays an important role in the decomposition of organic debris as well as the recycling of environmental carbon and nitrogen. 1 In addition to its ecological significance, A. fumigatus is also a ubiquitous airborne fungus that has been found to be associated with a wide range of clinical manifestations in humans, including both allergic and invasive infections that can be fatal in nature. 2 The incidence of infection caused by A. fumigatus is relatively low in immunocompetent individuals. However, in patients with severely compromised immune systems, A. fumigatus has the potential to cause life-threatening infections. The genus Aspergillus encompasses over 250 species; however, A. fumigatus, A. flavus, A. terreus and A. niger are responsible for the majority of Aspergillusassociated infections in humans, comprising more than 90% of all

The coronavirus pandemic hit the world with different variants of SARS-CoV-2; reliable therapeutics are needed every hour to control and minimize the infection. To date, the way to menace the chaos of post-Covid infection is not confined rationally. Researchers are still on their way to the progression of an efficient way to eradicate the disease. However, to prevent it from causing infection post-entry into the body, there have been a few strategies to maintain and boost the immune system. At the onset of infection when no antiviral therapeutics were available, convalescent plasma therapies as a proposed mechanism were adapted to treat the post-Covid infection. Researchers have formulated the administration of different types of vaccines based on attenuated or inactivated nucleic acids or subunits after approval from the FDA and still continue to find the best reliable vaccines for better enhancement in inducing immunogenicity of the immune system to fight against the disease. The covid-19 infection affects the gut and lung axis and there has been dysbiosis of microbiota which leads to cause secondary infections. To accomplish homeostasis of essential microbiota in the body, the administration of different strains of probiotic bacteria has been one way to induce immunogenicity and combat the disease.

Background: Diabetic patients suffer from various comorbidities like cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cancer, obesity, cognitive impairment, gout, leishmaniasis, etc. Objective: We aimed to review the pathological links between diabetes and its comorbidities and discuss the justification for using antidiabetic drugs in diabetes and associated comorbidities. Methods: Diabetic patients accompanied by comorbidities had to undergo a multidrug regimen apart from their common antidiabetic drugs, which affects their quality of life. There have been reports that some antidiabetic drugs ameliorate the comorbidities associated with diabetes. For instance, metformin is implicated in CVDs, cancer, as well as in cognitive impairment like Alzheimer's disease (AD); glyburide, a sulfonylurea, is found to be effective against leishmaniasis; and voglibose, an α- glucosidase inhibitor, is found to have suitable binding property against SARS-CoV-2 infection in diabetic patients. Targeting the comorbidities of diabetes with antidiabetic drugs may reduce the load of multidrug therapy in diabetic patients. Result: The effectiveness of antidiabetic drugs against some diabetic comorbidities between the two pathophysiological conditions, i.e., diabetes and its comorbidities, may be due to certain bidirectional links like inflammation, oxidative stress, disruption in the metabolic milieu and obesity. There are published reports of the repurposing of antidiabetic drugs for specific diseases, however, compiled repurposed reports of antidiabetic drugs for a wide range of diseases are scarce. Conclusion: In this review, we attempt to justify the use of antidiabetic drugs in diabetes and associated comorbidities.

Introduction: Clerodendrum colebrookianum Walp (Family, Verbenaceae) is one of the beneficial medicinal plants, used by the traditional people of this Northeast region of India due to its cardioprotective action and most widely known as “Nefafu” in Assam, “Arun” in Nagaland and “Phuinum” in Mizoram. Clerodendrum colebrookianum is found extensively in the South as well as Southeast Asia. The Mizo natives of the Northeast, India expanse of India claim that the hypertensive populace's minor occurrence in the middle of their society member is because of the habitual ingestion of this medicinal plant as vegetables. Aim: This review summarizes the ethnopharmacology, selected scientific evidence on the pharmacological properties and phytochemistry of Clerodendrum colebrookianum Walp. This plant is generally considered the most significant herbal variety practiced in the therapy of hypertension by various communities of Northeast India. Methods: The review covers literature about the evidence-based ethnopharmacology, therapeutic potential, and phytochemistry of Clerodendrum colebrookianum Walp. Literature was collected from non-English journals and English from scientific databases via electronic search (Elsevier, Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Springer, Web of Science, Wiley online library) and Ph.D. thesis databases. Results: Evidence suggests that the extracts and some compounds from. Clerodendrum colebrookianum Walp possesses abdominal pain, anthelmintic, antidote, blood purifier, colics in infants, cough, diabetes, diarrhea, and dysentery, gastric disorders. It also has cardioprotective potential, which is a valid scientific basis for consuming it for health benefits in the northeast region of India. Conclusion: Scientific evidence suggests that Clerodendrum colebrookianum Walp's immense potential to treat diabetes, hypertension, and other chronic diseases.